VOLUME 77 - ISSUE 2

Purpose: To assess the postoperative outcomes of a novel toric multifocal in traocular lens (IOL) in patients with cataract and corneal astigmatism. Methods: This prospective nonrandomized study included patients with cataract, corneal astigmatism, and a motivation for spectacle independence. In all patients, a Rayner M-flex® T toric IOL was implanted in the capsular bag. Three months after surgery, the distance, intermediate, and near visual acuities; spherical equivalent; residual refractive astigmatism; defocus curve; and contrast sensitivity were evaluated. A patient satisfaction and visual phenomena questionnaire was administered to all patients. Results: Thirty-four eyes of 18 patients were included in this study. Three months after surgery, the mean corrected distance visual acuity (logMAR) was 0.00 ± 0.08 at 6 m, 0.20 ± 0.09 at 70 cm, and 0.08 ± 0.11 at 40 cm. Uncorrected distance vision acuity was 20/40 or better in 100% eyes. The preoperative mean refractive cylinder (RC) was -2.19 (SD: ± 0.53). After a 3-month follow-up, the average RC was -0.44 D (SD: ± 0.27; p<0.001). Contrast sensitivity levels were high. At the last follow-up, 87.5% patients were spectacle-independent for near, intermediate, and distance vision, and approximately 44% patients reported halos and glare. Conclusion: Toric multifocal IOL implantation in patients with cataract and corneal astigmatism using the Rayner M-flex® T toric IOL was a simple, safe, and accurate option. This technology provides surgeons with a feasible option for meeting patient expectations of an enhanced lifestyle resulting from decreased spectacle dependence.

Keywords: Astigmatism/surgery; Lens implantation, intraocular; Lenses, intraocular; Phacoemulsification; Polymethyl methacrylate; Refraction ocular; Visual acuity

Purpose: To assess and compare the effects of contact lens-based artificial pupil design and contralateral balanced multifocal contact lens combination (CBMCLC) on visual performance. Methods: This randomized crossover study conducted at the University of Valencia, Spain included 38 presbyopic patients using an artificial pupil contact lens in the nondominant eye and a CBMCLC. After a month of lens wear, the binocular distance visual acuity (BDVA), binocular near visual acuity (BNVA), defocus curve, binocular distance, and near contrast sensitivity and near stereoacuity (NSA) were measured under photopic conditions (85 cd/m2). Moreover, BDVA and binocular distance contrast sensitivity were examined under mesopic conditions (5 cd/m2). Results: Visual acuity at an intermediate distance and near vision was better with the CBMCLC than with the artificial pupil (p<0.05). Statistically significant differences were found in contrast sensitivity between the two types of correction for distance (under mesopic conditions) and for near vision, with the CBMCLC exhibiting better results in both cases (p<0.05). The mean NSA values obtained for the artificial pupil contact lens were significantly worse than those for the CBMCLC (p=0.001). Conclusion: The CBMCLC provided greater visual performance in terms of intermediate and near vision compared with the artificial pupil contact lens.

Keywords: Contact lenses; Presbyopia/rehabilitation; Pupil; Prosthesis fitting dominance, ocular

Purpose: To analyze the risk factors, outcomes, demographic characteristics, and attitudes of workers with metallic corneal foreign body (FB) injury. Methods: One hundred consecutive patients who presented with a metallic corneal FB to the eye clinic at Diyarbakir Training and Research Hospital were evaluated. The patients completed a questionnaire and were examined to determine features of the injury. Results: All patients were male. The mean age was 32.46 ± 1.03 years. Fiftyfive percent of the patients were unregistered workers, 59% were working in the metal industry sector, and 65% injuries resulted from metal cutting. Protective goggles were available in the workplace of 64% patients. However, 57% patients were not wearing goggles when the accident occurred, and 43% were injured despite goggle use. Most patients (52%) attempted to remove FBs by themselves. FBs were located in the central zone of the cornea in 16% patients. Rust marks remained after FB removal in 26% patients. Corneal scars from previous FB injuries were present in 58% patients. Only 8% workplaces provided compensation for physician visits for occupation related illnesses. Conclusions: Workplaces with a high risk for eye injuries should increase their protective measures, and educational programs should be implemented for both workers and occupational physicians. The government should enforce laws regarding unregistered workers in a better manner.

Keywords: Corneal injuries; Ocular foreign bodies; Eye injuries; Occupational health; Accidents, occupational

Purpose: To evaluate changes in corneal sensitivity following corneal cross-linking (CXL) in patients with progressive earlier stage keratoconus. Methods: Thirty-eight eyes of 19 patients (11 women, 8 men) were included in a prospective, nonrandomized clinical study. The mean patient age was 22 years (range, 18-26 years). Inclusion criteria were early stage bilateral progressive keratoconus, a transparent cornea, and a thickness of ≥440 µm in the thinnest area of the cornea. Using the Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer, central corneal sensitivity was measured before surgery, 7 days after surgery, and once a month thereafter until recovery of baseline preoperative levels. Central corneal sensitivity >40 mm was considered normal. Results: Corneal sensitivity gradually returned to preoperative levels in all treated eyes. The mean central corneal sensitivity was 52.2, 24.0, 38.2, 42.5, 50.0, and 52.5 mm before surgery, 7 days after surgery, and at 1, 2, 3, and 4 months after surgery, respectively. Normal levels of corneal sensation, but not baseline (preoperative) levels, were observed 2 months after surgery. The preoperative levels were observed 3 months after surgery. Conclusions: Our results suggest that central corneal sensitivity can be decreased for as long as 3 months after CXL for progressive earlier stage keratoconus.

Keywords: Keratoconus/therapy; Collagen/radiation effects; Riboflavin/therapeutic use; Ultraviolet therapy; Cross-linking reagents; Corneal sensitivity

Purpose: To investigate the veracity of Jampolsky's statement that Bielschowsky's head tilt test is inverted if performed with the patient in the upside-down position and to interpret its neuromuscular mechanism. Methods: We present a series of 10 patients selected from a referred sample who were diagnosed with superior oblique paresis. Hypertropia was measured in the primary position, with the head erect and tilted toward both shoulders with the patient in the erect, supine, and upside-down positions. The last position was achieved by hanging the patient upside-down. Results: As expected, our results showed the veracity of Jampolsky's statement. The forced head tilt difference was inverted or significantly decreased when the test was performed in the upside-down position. Moreover, in all patients, Bielschowsky's phenomenon was neutralized in the supine body position, in which hypertropia with the head erect tended to vanish. In 3 patients, it disappeared completely. Conclusions: This study showed that, in patients with superior oblique paresis, differences in the extent of hypertropia in Bielschowsky's test tended to vanish when the test was performed with the patient in the supine position and invert when it was performed with the patient in the upside-down position.

Keywords: Strabismus; Body positioning; Troclear nerve; Ophthalmoplegia

Purpose: To evaluate the use of optical and nonoptical aids during reading and writing activities in individuals with acquired low vision. Methods: This study was performed using descriptive and cross-sectional surveys. The data collection instrument was created with structured questions that were developed from an exploratory study and a previous test based on interviews, and it evaluated the following variables: personal characteristics, use of optical and nonoptical aids, and activities that required the use of optical and nonoptical aids. Results: The study population included 30 subjects with acquired low vision and visual acuities of 20/200-20/400. Most subjects reported the use of some optical aids (60.0%). Of these 60.0%, the majority (83.3%) cited spectacles as the most widely used optical aid. The majority (63.3%) of subjects also reported the use of nonoptical aids, the most frequent ones being letter magnification (68.4%), followed by bringing the objects closer to the eyes (57.8%). Subjects often used more than one nonoptical aid. Conclusions: The majority of participants reported the use of optical and nonoptical aids during reading activities, highlighting the use of spectacles, magnifying glasses, and letter magnification; however, even after the use of these aids, we found that the subjects often needed to read the text more than once to understand it. During writing activities, all subjects reported the use of optical aids, while most stated that they did not use nonoptical aids for such activities.

Keywords: Vision, low/rehabilitation; Reading; Visually impaired individuals; Language; Handwriting; Audiovisual aids

Purpose: To measure and investigate visual functioning and health-related quality of life (QOL) in patients after ocular penetrating injuries (OPI). Methods: Fifty-four adult patients with OPI and 26 healthy control subjects were enrolled in the study. The National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire (NEI VFQ-25) and the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF 36) were administered. Sociodemographic and clinical data also were collected. The primary outcome measures were comparisons and multivariate analysis among groups for the NEI VFQ-25 and SF 36 subscale scores. Results: All NEI VFQ-25 scores, except general health, were significantly lower in the OPI group than those in the control group. All SF 36 scores were significantly lower in the OPI group than in the control group. The NEI VFQ-25 subscale item scores showed no significant differences with respect to age, educational level, or visual acuity in the injured eye. The SF 36 subscale item scores revealed no significant differences according to gender or educational level. Conclusions: Patients with OPI have increased psychological symptoms and lower levels of QOL than healthy control subjects have. Deteriorations in QOL should be kept in mind when managing patients with OPI.

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of preservativefree 0.45% ketorolac tromethamine and artificial tears (carboxymethylcellulose) compared with those of preservativefree artificial tears alone on the symptoms and signs of acute viral conjunctivitis. Methods: This was a randomized, doublemasked clinical trial that included 50 patients who were diagnosed with acute viral conjunctivitis and distributed into two groups (Group 0: artificial tears and Group 1: 0.45% ketorolac tromethamine + carboxymethylcellulose). The patients were instructed to use the medication 4 times daily. Signs (conjunctival hyperemia, chemosis, follicles, and secretion) and symptoms (general ocular discomfort, itching, foreign body sensation, tearing, redness, and swelling of the eyelids) were scored at baseline and on the third and seventh days of treatment using a standardized questionnaire and slitlamp anterior segment examination. Results: Both groups showed an improvement in the signs and symptoms of conjunctivitis in their follow-up visits. There was no significant difference in symptom and sign scores between Group 0 and Group 1 in the study visits (p>0.05). The frequency of side effects during treatment was similar between groups (p>0.05). Conclusions: Our findings indicate that 0.45% ketorolac tromethamine was not superior to the use of artificial tears in relieving the signs and symptoms of viral conjunctivitis.

Keywords: Conjunctivitis, viral/drug therapy; Ketorolac tromethamine/therapeutic use; Ophthalmic solutions

Purpose: To compare optical and visual quality of implantable collamer lens (ICL) implantation and femtosecond laser in situ keratomileusis (F-LASIK) for myopia. Methods: The CRX1 adaptive optics visual simulator (Imagine Eyes, Orsay, France) was used to simulate the wavefront aberration pattern after the two surgical procedures for -3-diopter (D) and -6-D myopia. Visual acuity at different contrasts and contrast sensitivities at 10, 20, and 25 cycles/degree (cpd) were measured for 3-mm and 5-mm pupils. The modulation transfer function (MTF) and point spread function (PSF) were calculated for 5-mm pupils. Results: F-LASIK MTF was worse than ICL MTF, which was close to diffraction-limited MTF. ICL cases showed less spread out of PSF than F-LASIK cases. ICL cases showed better visual acuity values than F-LASIK cases for all pupils, contrasts, and myopic treatments (p<0.05). No statistically significant differences were found in contrast sensitivities between ICL and F-LASIK cases with -3-D myopia for both pupils for all evaluated spatial frequencies (p>0.05). For -6-D myopia, however, statistically significant differences in contrast sensitivities were found for both pupils for all evaluated spatial frequencies (p<0.05). Contrast sensitivities were better after ICL implantation than after F-LASIK. Conclusions: ICL implantation and F-LASIK provide good optical and visual quality, although the former provides better outcomes of MTF, PSF, visual acuity, and contrast sensitivity, especially for cases with large refractive errors and pupil sizes. These outcomes are related to the F-LASIK producing larger high-order aberrations.

Keywords: Myopia/surgery; Lasers, excimer/therapeutic use; Keratomileusis, laser in situ/methods; Lenses, intraocular; Contrast sensitivity; Visual acuity

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of strabismus on quality of life. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 101 individuals aged 7-67 years with strabismus. They were interviewed and made to answer a questionnaire with 20 questions intended to assess the individual's interaction with their social and working environment, sensory perception, and limitations in their daily lives. There were five types of possible responses for each question: never, rarely or very few times, sometimes, frequently, and always. The questionnaire was based on the AS-20 and contained 11 questions assessing psychosocial aspects and 9 questions assessing functional aspects. Among those who were interviewed, 24.8% had undergone surgical correction of strabismus. Results: We observed a significant impact of strabismus on the quality of life of the interviewed individuals. Feelings of sadness and inferiority because of strabismus were reported by 74.2% and 58.4% respondents, respectively. In terms of functionality, 12.1% reported difficulty in reading, 14% said they had difficulty in depth perception (stereopsis), and 17.8% frequently or always associated pain or burning sensation in the eyes to strabismus. A significant difference was detected in the quality of life scores for the psychosocial aspect among patients who had and had not undergone surgery (Wilcoxon test, 158; p<0.001). Individuals who had undergone surgery had a better quality of life from the psychosocial perspective. Conclusions: In this evaluation, we found a significant negative interference of strabismus on quality of life from both the functional and psychosocial perspectives. This demonstrated the importance of treatment for strabismus, regardless of age, because it can interfere with the functional well-being of the individual.

Keywords: Strabismus/physiopathology; Social behavior; Quality of life; Questionnaires

We report the case of a 56-year-old woman who presented for a routine ophthalmological examination without visual symptoms and had a unilateral black retinal lesion that was detected by clinical examination. Fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography findings were compatible with a congenital simple hamartoma of the retinal pigment epithelium. It is very important to detect this tumor and differentiate it from other pigmented fundus lesions that can compromise visual function or result in systemic conditions such as those caused by malignant tumors.

Keywords: Hamartoma/pathology; Retinal pigment epithelium; Retinal diseases; Congenital abnormalities; Tomography, optical coherence; Case report

Here we describe the rare case of a 55-year-old man with medial rectus muscle myositis as an atypical presentation of non-Hodgkin B-cell mucosa-associated lymphoma (MALT). Pathology and immunohistochemistry of the affected muscle confirmed the diagnosis of a neoplasm. The primary etiology of orbital myositis is Graves' ophthalmopathy, but several other diseases may cause this clinical presentation. Therefore, the neoplastic causes must be eliminated from the differential diagnoses. non-Hodgkin B-cell mucosa-associated lymphoma is the most common histological type of lymphoma in the orbit, with the conjunctiva and lacrimal glands being the most commonly affected sites. However, it may also present in atypical forms involving others sites and tissues.

Keywords: Orbital neoplasms; Orbital myositis; Oculomotor muscles/pathology; Muscle neoplasms; Orbital neoplasms; Lymphoma, B-cell, marginal zone; Humans; Male; Middleaged; Case report

Here we present the case of a 27-year-old woman with benign joint hypermobility (BJHS) syndrome who developed keratectasia after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) in both eyes. Both eyes had identical low Randleman risk factor scores. To our knowledge, this is the first report of such a complication in a patient with BJHS. It highlights our incomplete knowledge of the risk factors for keratectasia following LASIK and suggests that BJHS should be considered as a risk factor for keratectasia.

Keywords: Cornea/pathology; Corneal diseases/keratomileusis; Laser in situ/adverse effects; Joint instability; Case report

This case report describes the production of an ultrathin endothelial donor corneal lamella using a femtosecond laser with low energy and a high frequency. In addition, we report its use in vivo in an eye with pseudophakic bullous keratopathy. The outcomes were observed 3 months after surgery in terms of the change in endothelial donor lamella and full cornea thickness (including pachymetric mapping), visual acuity, and endothelial cell count.

Keywords: Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty; Laser therapy, low-level/ methods; Endothelium corneal; Tomography, optical coherence; Case report

Correction of corneal astigmatism is a key element of cataract surgery, since post-surgical residual astigmatism can compromise the patient's uncorrected visual acuity. Toric intraocular lenses (IOLs) compensate for corneal astigmatism at the time of surgery, correcting ocular astigmatism. They are a predictable treatment. However, accurate measurement of corneal astigmatism is mandatory for choosing the correct toric IOL power and for planning optimal alignment. When calculating the power of toric IOLs, it is important to consider anterior and posterior corneal astigmatism, along with the surgically induced astigmatism. Accurate toric lens alignment along the calculated meridian is also crucial to achieve effective astigmatism correction. There are several techniques to guide IOL alignment, including the traditional manual marking technique and automated systems based on anatomic and topographic landmarks. The aim of this review is to provide an overview on astigmatism management with toric IOLs, including relevant patient selection criteria, corneal astigmatism measurement, toric IOL power calculation, toric IOL alignment, clinical outcomes and complications.

Keywords: Astigmatism; Toric intraocular lenses; Refractive errors; Corneal topography; Complications