Purpose: To compare the learning curves of the specialists in two different fields without previous endoscopic endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy experience as well as to reveal the related complications with surgical success rates.
Methods: We retrospectively investigated 90 patients who received consecutive endoscopic endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy with mucosa preservation by an ophthalmologist (Group 1, n=45) and an otorhinolaryngologist (Group 2, n=45) between October 2017 and October 2019. Patients who were admitted with epiphora complaints and diagnosed with primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction through lacrimal irrigation test and aged >18 years with at least 6 months of follow-up were included in the study. In all cases, additional pathologies such as septum deviation were evaluated by performing maxillofacial imaging. Patients’ medical records were evaluated in terms of surgery duration, complications, and functional achievements.
Results: The mean surgical duration of the patients in Group-2 was 36.27 ± 11.61 min, while it was 43.62 ± 16.89 min in Group-1; the difference was statistically significant (p=0.018). Functional achievements in Group 1 was 84.4% (73.3% in the first set of 15 cases, 93.3% in the last set of 15 cases) in Group 2; this rate was 88.9% (80% in the first set of 15 cases, 93.3% in the last set of 15 cases), and the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.53). Septum intervention in addition to endoscopic surgery in both the groups (p=0.03, p=0.005, respectively) and intense bleeding during surgery (for both the groups, p<0.0001) significantly decreased the functional success.
Conclusion: Endoscopic endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy, performed after the necessary training, can provide high success and low complication rates when even conducted by ophthalmologists who are unfamiliar with endoscopic surgery after an experience of 30 cases.

Keywords: Lacrimal duct obstruction; Nasolacrimal duct/ surgery; Dacryocystorhinostomy/methods; Endoscopy; Ophthalmology/ education

Purpose: To examine changes in the eyes after cold compress application at the early stage.
Method: A total of 62 eyes from 62 healthy adult participants were included in this cross-sectional and comparative study. The subfoveal choroidal thickness and retinal nerve fiber thickness were measured by spectral-domain ocular coherence tomography. The central corneal thickness, anterior segment volume and depth, iridocorneal angle, and pupil diameter were measured by means of the Scheimpflug anterior segment imaging method. The measurements were repeated after 10 min of cold compress application, which was applied using special packs. The procedures were then repeated with non-cold packages to exclude the effect of pressure.
Results: The average age of the participants was 30.74 ± 5.82 years. There was no significant change in the central corneal thickness after cold compress application, and there was a significant decrease in the anterior segment volume (p<0.001), anterior segment depth (p<0.001), and pupil diameter. Moreover, the iridocorneal angle increased (p=0.002). The subfoveal choroidal thickness decreased after the application of cold compress (p<0.001). The overall disk thickness (p=0.034) and superior nasal scale (p=0.007) significantly decreased after the cold compress was administered during the evaluation of optic nerve fiber thickness. In contrast to that with the cold application, the subfoveal choroidal thickness and optic nerve fiber thickness did not change after the non-cold compress application (p>0.05).
Conclusion: Cold compress application may thus cause some physiological changes in the eyes, which necessitates the examination of its usage and effects.

Keywords: Glaucoma; Optic nerve injury; Eye injuries; Vasoconstriction; Cryotherapy/instrumentation; Tomography, optical coherence

Objective: To evaluate the Candida krusei and Candida albicans biofilm formation abilities on 5 different types of contact lenses and compare their metabolic activities and biomass.
Methods: After biofilm formation by both the test species, their metabolic activity was assessed by the 2,3-bis (2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide reduction assay with menadione, while the biomass was determined by staining with 0.4% crystal violet dye for further statistical analysis.
Results: Both the Candida species could form biofilms on different types of contact lenses, with greater metabolic activities and lower biomass formation in rigid gas permeable lenses.
Conclusion: Biofilm formation with greater metabolic activity and greater biomass were expected on soft contact lenses considering their surface hydrophobicity. However, the results demonstrated a greater metabolic activity on rigid contact lenses. This result has a great significance with regards to the increasing risk of microbial keratitis, although further studies are warranted to better elucidate the formation of biofilms on different types of contact lens materials in the future.

Keywords: Biofilm; Contact lense; Contact lense, hydrophilic; Candida albicans; Candida krusei

Purpose: We aimed to study the characteristics of ocular trauma, an important but largely preventable global cause of blindness, in the United States.
Methods: Retrospective chart review of the National Trauma Data Bank (2008-2014) was performed. All patients with ocular trauma were identified using ICD-9CM codes. The collected data were statistically analyzed with student’s t-test, Chi-squared test, and logistic regression analysis performed using the SPSS software. The significance was set at p<0.05.
Results: It was found that 316,485 (5.93%) of the 5,336,575 admitted trauma patients had ocular injuries. Their mean (SD) age was 41.8 (23) years, and most of them were men (69.4%). Race/ethnicity distribution was White 66.1%, Black 15.1%, and Hispanic 12.3%. The common injuries were orbital 39.5% and eye/adnexa contusions 34%. Associated traumatic brain injury was present in 58.2%. The frequent mechanisms were falls 25.5%, motor vehicle accident-occupant 21.8%, and struck by/against 17.6%. Patients <21 years of age had higher odds of cut/pierce injuries (OR=3.29, 95%CI=3.07-3.51) than the other age groups, those aged 21-64 years had higher odds of motor vehicle accident-cyclist (OR=4.95, 95%CI=4.71-5.19), and those >65 years had higher odds of falls (OR=16.75, 95%CI=16.39-17.12); p<0.001. The Blacks had a greater likelihood of firearm injuries (OR=3.24, 95%CI=3.10-3.39) than the other racial/ethnic groups, the Hispanics experienced more of cut/pierce injuries (OR=2.01, 95%CI=1.85-2.18), and the Whites experienced more of falls (OR=2.3, 95%CI=2.3-2.4); p<0.001. The Blacks (OR=3.41, 95%CI=3.34-3.48) and Hispanics (OR=1.75, 95%CI=1.71-1.79) mostly suffered assaults, while the Whites suffered unintentional injuries (OR=2.78 95%CI=2.74-2.84); p<0.001. Optic nerve/visual pathway injuries had the greatest association with very severe injury severity scores (OR=3.27, 95%CI=3.05-3.49) and severe Glasgow Coma Scores (OR=3.30, 95%CI=3.08-3.54); p<0.001. The mortality rate was 3.9%.
Conclusions: Male preponderance and falls, motor vehicle accident-occupant, and struck by/against mechanisms agree with the previous reports. The identified demographic patterns underscore the need to develop group-specific preventive measures.

Keywords: Eye injuries; Blindness/prevention & control; United Sates/epidemiology

Purpose: Creating models, in pediatric cataracts, to estimate kerotometry and axial length values at future ages, based on kerotometry and axial length measured at surgery, to estimate the intraocular lens power for emmetropia in future ages.
Methods: Eyes with bilateral cataract and kerotometry and axial length measured at surgery and at least one postoperative examination with kerotometry and axial length measurements, were considered for this study. The models to estimate future kerotometry and axial length values were created considering (1) kerotometry and axial length measured at surgery, (2) the average slope of kerotometry and axial length logarithmic regression created for every single eye and (3) age at surgery. The intraocular lens for future ages can be estimated using these values in third generation formulas. The estimation errors for kerotometry, axial length and intraocular lens were also calculated.
Results: A total of 57 eyes from 29 patients met the inclusion criteria. The average age at the surgery and follow-up was 36.96 ± 32.04 months and 2.39 ± 1.46 years, respectively. The average slope of logarithmic regression created for every single eye were -3.286 for kerotometry and +3.189 for axial length. The average absolute estimation errors for kerotometry and axial length were respectively: 0.61 ± 0.54 D and 0.49 ± 0.55 mm, and for intraocular lens using SRK-T, Hoffer-Q and Holladay I formulas were: 2.04 ± 1.73 D, 2.49 ± 2.10 D and 2.26 ± 1.87 D, respectively.
Conclusions: The presented models could be used to estimate the intraocular lens power for emmetropia at future ages to guide the choice of the intraocular lens power to be implanted in pediatric cataract.

Keywords: Cataract; Biometry/methods; Emmetropia; Axial length, eye; Lenses, intraocular; Child

Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological profile of uveitis cases treated at University Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho and to identify the presentation pattern of intraocular inflammation on the basis of clinical, anatomical, etiological, and demographic criteria.
Methods: A retrospective study was conducted using data from the medical records of 408 patients with active disease who attended the ophthalmology service between March and October 2018. Age, sex, visual acuity at the time of diagnosis, anatomical and etiological diagnoses, the clinical aspect, and the main symptoms reported during anamnesis were described.
Results: Of the 408 patients in the study, 52% were male and 48% were female. The patients’ mean age was 42 years, and most (84%) were between 19 and 64 years old. Anterior uveitis was observed in 37.75% of the patients; posterior uveitis, in 49.75%; panuveitis, in 4.66%; and intermediate uveitis, in 3.43%. Only 18 patients (4.41%) presented with scleritis. Of the 390 patients with anatomical classifications, 76% had known etiologies, with the most prevalent diagnoses being toxoplasmosis (35.4%), followed by juvenile idiopathic arthritis (6.4%), ankylosing spondylitis (5.9%), and syphilis (4.9%). Infectious uveitis corresponded to 49.7% of the patients, while 26.6% of the cases were of noninfectious origin. Anterior uveitis had the highest number of cases classified as idiopathic (49.4%). In the cases of posterior uveitis, the etiology was established 94% of the time. The most frequent symptoms were ocular pain (71.8%) and blurring vision (56.8%).
Conclusions: The present study confirmed the historical importance of infectious uveitis in our population, especially ocular toxoplasmosis. Uveitis appears to have no predilection for sex but mainly affects young people of working age, thus generating social and economic consequences. Despite the evolution of diagnostic methods, idiopathic uveitis remains one of the major etiologies. Epidemiological studies point to different presentation patterns of uveitis in different populations, but these may reflect the distinct characteristics of each institution.

Keywords: Uveitis/epidemiology; Uveitis/etiology; Uveitis/ diagnosis; Toxoplasmosis, ocular; Hospital, university; Brazil/ epidemiology

Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe a simple, accessible, and reliable method using a smartphone for evaluating oblique muscle dysfunctions.
Methods: The photograph rotation tool in the iPhone PHOTO app was used by 75 examiners to evaluate 22 photographs from only 9 patients, captured in infra- and supra-dextroversion, and infra- and supra-levoversion, as not all the patients were photographed in the 4 positions mentioned. Each patient received a score for the superior and inferior oblique muscle functions, ranging from -4 (hypofunction) to 4 (hyperfunction) or 0 (normal function), using preediting and postediting photographs. These values were compared with the scores previously given by trained personnel in strabismus screening. The difference in score between the two groups was expressed in natural (whole and non-negative) numbers. The mean and pattern deviation were then calculated.
Results: The scores of most of the edited photos showed a lower mean than those of the unedited ones, except for a patient with left superior oblique hyperfunction. The patients with no oblique dysfunction and those with right superior oblique hyperfunction demonstrated (after editing the photograph) scores with greater similarity with their initial scores (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively). Similar results were found in the patients with oblique hypofunctions and right inferior oblique hyperfunction (p<0.01).
Conclusion: The proposed method for assessing muscular function in vertical strabismus is reproducible, accessible, simple, and reliable, and provides better consistency to the admeasurement.

Keywords: Strabismus; Oculomotor muscle; Anisotropy, Smartphone; Cell phone

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of oral pilocarpine (20 mg daily) for the treatment of dry eye in patients with Sjogren’s Syndrome. The frequency of side effects reported during the treatment was also investigated.
Methods: In this placebo-controlled crossover study, 32 patients with Sjögren’s syndrome were enrolled to receive either oral pilocarpine or placebo for 10 weeks. Following a 2-week washout period, the treatment was inverted for each patient for the same duration. Assessments included the quality of life National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-25 (NEI-VFQ-25), dry eye specific questionnaire Ocular Surface Disease Index, non-invasive breakup time, invasive breakup time with fluorescein, corneal and conjunctival staining patterns with the use of fluorescein and rose bengal staining, Schirmer’s test, and tear ferning test.
Results: According to the NEI-VFQ-25, there was statistically significant improvement in the quality of life following oral pilocarpine. Similar results were observed for ocular discomfort, as determined by the Ocular Surface Disease Index. All clinical tests showed favorable and statistically significant results following the use of oral pilocarpine. Regarding the analysis of tear samples, there was an improvement in the quality of tear film. This was evidenced by the modification of the patterns observed in the tear ferning test. Side effects were reported by 96.8% and 56.2% of the patients who received pilocarpine and placebo, respectively. Sweating was the most frequently reported side effect (67.74% versus 11.11%, respectively).
Conclusions: Although the treatment was associated with a high frequency of side effects, oral pilocarpine (20 mg daily) was able to relieve discomfort related to dry eyes in patients with Sjögren’s syndrome and induce favorable structural changes in the tear film.

Keywords: Dry eye; Pilocarpine/therapeutic use; Sjögren’s syndrome/drug therapy; Tears

Purpose: The study aimed to evaluate the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and public policies on corneal donations and transplantations in Brazil and get reliable indicators to support effective measures for improving the system of obtaining, processing, distributing, using, and controlling donated ocular tissues.
Methods: A questionnaire was applied by the Brazilian office of the Pan-American Association of Eye Banks (APABO) to Brazilian Eye Banks to collect data from January to August 2020 and generate reliable indicators about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on corneal donations and transplantations in Brazil.
Results: Data from 37 Eye Banks showed that 76.1% of the 3,060 donations and 74.5% of the 3,167 transplants occurred in the pre-pandemic period. From the 6,052 processed corneas, 71.8% were provided for therapeutic purposes: 72.9% were transplanted, 26.1% ended up being discarded (45% of which qualified for optical transplantation), and 1% remained in stock in glycerin. Of the 1,706 corneas that could not be eligible for therapeutic use, 47.9% were excluded due to tissue conditions, 43.6% for serological reasons, 6.7% due to contraindications found in clinical history after retrieval, and 1.8% for other factors.
Conclusions: The negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on corneal donations and transplantations in Brazil resulted from the recommendation of the Health Ministry to suspend the retrieval of ocular tissues from donors in cardiopulmonary arrest for almost six months. The indicators reveal the compelling requirement for updating both the classification and cornea provision criteria by the Eye Banks and improving the Brazilian corneal distribution system.

Keywords: Eye Banks; Cornea; Tissue donation; Corneal transplantation; COVID-19; Public policy; Brazil.

Purpose: To evaluate the radial peripapillary capillary density using optical coherence tomography angiography in patients with and without Helicobacter pylori infection.
Methods: This prospective, cross-sectional study comprised 52 patients (52 eyes: Group 1) and 38 patients (38 eyes: Group 2) with and without H. pylori infections, respectively. The radial peripapillary capillary density and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in 4 equal quadrants and 2 equal hemispheres in the peripapillary region were calculated using optical coherence tomography angiography. The optic nerve head parameters of the patients were also assessed.
Results: The groups were similar in terms of age, gender, and the optic nerve head parameters. The radial peripapillary capillary densities in the superior hemisphere and quadrant were significantly lower in Group 1 than in Group 2 (p=0.039 and p=0.028, respectively) and were positively correlated with the superior hemisphere’s retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). Similarly, the radial peripapillary capillary densities in the inferior hemisphere and quadrant were also significantly lower in Group 1 compared to Group 2 (p=0.03 and p=0.017, respectively) and were positively correlated with the inferior hemisphere’s retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). The retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in the nasal and temporal quadrants were significantly decreased in Group 1 when compared to Group 2 (p=0.013 and p=0.022) and were positively correlated with the corresponding radial peripapillary capillary densities of the 2 quadrants (p=0.002 and p=0.022).
Conclusion: The decreased radial peripapillary capillary density in the H. pylori-positive patients suggests that H. pylori may play a role in the etiopathogenesis of glaucoma.

Keywords: Glaucoma; Helicobacter pylori; Tomography, optical coherence; Capillary density; Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness; Optic nerve/pathology; Nerve fiber/pathology

Improper closure of the embryonic fissure results in ocular coloboma. Optic nerve head drusen are hyaline deposits located anterior to the lamina cribosa that grow and calcify over time. It is rarely associated with ocular coloboma, with only two cases reported. We present a patient with an irido-chorioretinal coloboma, poorly defined optic nerve limits in the right eye, and increased papillary vascular ramification and peripapillary atrophy in the left eye, without any visible drusen. Fundus autofluorescence, high-resolution optical coherence tomography, and B-scan ultrasonography confirmed the diagnosis of bilateral buried optic nerve head drusen. The association between irido-chorioretinal colobomas and optic nerve drusen in the absence of a systemic disease is exceptional. Our case demonstrates that multimodal imaging is important to correctly diagnose buried optic nerve head drusen.

Keywords: Coloboma; Retina/abnormality; Optic nerve disease; Optic disk drusen; Tomography, optical coherence; Visual acuity; Human; Case report

Combined hamartoma of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium is a rare, benign intraocular tumor. Hamartoma of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium has been described in the literature as a condition presenting with variable retinal damage, ranging from partial epiretinal involvement to complete distortion of the retinal layers and retinal pigment epithelium. We report the case of an 8-year-old girl presenting with longstanding strabismus who was diagnosed with Hamartoma of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium based on multimodal imaging assessment. We explored the particular imaging findings from studies using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, fundus autofluorescence, optical coherence tomography angiography, and fluorescein angiography.

Keywords: Hamartoma/diagnosis; Retinal pigment epithelium; Retinal neoplasm; Tomography, optical coherence; Angiography; Humans; Case report

Syphilis is a reemerging and potentially serious disease. Owing to its ubiquity and pleomorphism, it is called “the great imitator”. We report the case of a young woman with secondary syphilis who presented with bilateral acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinopathy along with a syphilitic skull periostitis. A pachymeningeal enhancement was observed on magnetic resonance imaging, but we believe it was an extension of the bone process rather than a meningitis itself on the basis of the normal cerebrospinal fluid analysis results. Treatment with intravenous crystalline penicillin resulted in complete resolution of the signs, symptoms, and imaging findings. Secondary syphilis is the stage with the highest bacteremia and the highest transmissibility, presenting mainly with mucocutaneous disorders and, less frequently, with involvement of other organs. High suspicion and a pragmatic approach are essential to the diagnosis because this disease can affect several organs, as in the present case, in which the eyes, bones, and skin were affected.

Keywords: Syphilis/complications; Neurosyphilis; Eye infections, bacterial; Uveitis, posterior; Chorioretinitis; Periostitis; Case report

Acute dacryocystitis retention (ADR) is an unusual entity that contributes to an incorrect diagnosis and treatment. We describe a case of acute dacryocystitis retention occurring in a 61-year-old diabetic male who presented with severe pain, swelling, and inflammatory signs above the left medial canthal ligament tendon. He had no previous history of epiphora. Computed tomography scan indicated acute dacryocystitis. Clinical treatment resulted in complete resolution of the condition. Syringing one month after the acute episode indicated a patent lacrimal excretory system. The temporary obstruction that evolved to an acute dacryocystitis retention was probably secondary to nasal alteration or supposed dacryoliths. Timely, conservative clinical treatment can lead to complete resolution of acute dacryocystitis retention with no further treatments.

Keywords: Dacryocystitis; Lacrimal duct obstruction; Lacrimal apparatus diseases; Nasolacrimal duct

Dermal filler injection is among facial rejuvenation treatments that have been increasingly used. Despite being a minimally invasive procedure, it can lead to severe complications such as blindness. A review of all cases of filler-induced visual loss in the world literature was conducted to summarize the mechanisms, anatomical considerations, and clinical ophthalmologic course, current strategies of prevention and management, and trends over the years. We identified 233 cases of filler-induced visual loss, and 172 patients had a severe visual impairment in at least one eye. The typical patients are young women who received injections of hyaluronic acid or autologous fat in the glabella or nose, and the typical presentations were sudden ocular pain, ptosis, and ophthalmoplegia due to vascular occlusion. The findings of this study also suggest an increase in the number of unlicensed professionals performing the procedure. Even though the continued development of dermal fillers has improved the treatment options available, further studies and strategies are necessary to reduce the incidence and minimize the consequences of filler-induced visual loss.

Keywords: Dermal filler; Injection; Cosmetic technique/adverse effect; Retinal artery occlusion; Vision, low/etiology