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Abstract

Objetivo: Avaliar a resposta tecidual e clínica a um implante orbitário de polimetilmetacrilato, oco e multiperfu­rado em sua porção posterior em modelo animal após evisceração.
Métodos: Dezesseis coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia foram submetidos à evisceração do globo ocular direito. Todos receberam implante oco de polimetilmetacrilato de 12 mm de diâmetro, multiperfurado em sua semiesfera posterior. O estudo foi dividido em avaliação clínica e histopatológica. A avaliação clínica foi diária até 14 dias pós-evisceração e, a cada sete dias, até completar 180 dias. Os animais foram divididos em grupos de quatro animais e cada um foi submetido à exenteração com 07, 30, 90 e 180 dias e depois à eutanásia. A análise histopatológica teve por fim caracterizar o padrão inflamatório, a estrutura do colágeno e o grau de neovascularização. Para isso, além da tradicional coloração pela hematoxilina-eosina, utilizou-se o corante Picrosirius Red (PSR) e imuno-histoquímica com o marcador CD 34.
Resultados: Não houve sinais de infecção, afinamento conjuntival ou escleral, exposição ou extrusão do implante em nenhum animal durante o estudo. Já no sétimo dia, o tecido neoformado migrou para dentro do implante formando uma rede fibrovascular através dos canais posteriores. A resposta inflamatória diminuiu ao longo do tempo avaliado e não foram encontradas células gigantes multinucleadas.
Conclusão: O implante analisado permite a sua integração aos tecidos orbitários pelo crescimento fibrovascular em seu interior. Os autores acreditam que este modelo de implante orbital pode fazer parte de testes com humanos.

Keywords: Implantes orbitários; Polimetilmetacrilato; Evis­ceração ocular; Anoftalmia; Procedimentos cirúrgicos oftal­mológicos; Coelhos.

Abstract

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of orbital conditions in a tertiary ophthalmic outpatient hospital in Sao Paulo, Brazil, with a focus on the main diagnoses and their distribution.
METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted involving patients registered and admitted to the orbital disease unit at the Department of Ophthalmology, University of São Paulo Medical School, from January 2004 to March 2018. A total of 838 medical charts were analyzed, of which 37 were excluded due to incomplete data. The remaining charts were categorized into eight diagnostic groups: Graves’ orbitopathy , inflammatory disorders, tumors, vascular lesions, acquired structural abnormalities, congenital structural abnormalities, infectious diseases, and others.
RESULTS: Of the 837,300 ophthalmological appointments, 3,372 (0.4%) were related to orbital diseases. The study included 801 patients, of whom 63.45% were women. The patients’ mean age was 42.86 years. Graves’ orbitopathy was the most common (55%), followed by tumor (17%), inflammatory disorders (9%), vascular lesions (7%), acquired structural abnormalities (5%), congenital structural abnormalities (4%), others (2%), and infectious diseases (1%). The study found significant differences in the incidence and types of orbital diseases, indicating the specialized nature of tertiary care and referral biases.
CONCLUSION: Published data on epidemiological orbital diseases is scarce. Therefore, this study focused on the diverse nature of orbital diseases and their low incidence among ophthalmology appointments. The major trends align with other epidemiological studies, demonstrating a preponderance of Graves’ orbitopathy in middle-aged adults and a bimodal distribution of tumors. These findings are essential in shaping resident training programs and healthcare policies, particularly in tertiary settings. Understanding the epidemiology of orbital diseases can improve diagnostic accuracy, treatment approaches, and patient outcomes as well as support future systemic prospective studies.

Keywords: Orbital diseases; Orbital tumors; Neoplasms; Inflammation; Graves’ ophthalmopathy; Outpatients

Abstract

PURPOSE: In Brazil, it has traditionally been standard practice to teach a wide range of surgical techniques to all ophthalmology residents, with the aim of equipping them to manage most ocular conditions. However, with modern developments, access to subspecialists has expanded to nearly the entire country. This raises the question of whether it is still necessary to teach numerous surgical techniques to every resident. This study evaluates the effectiveness of surgical training in Brazilian ophthalmology residency programs to determine if comprehensive surgical training for all residents is truly effective, thereby providing evidence to inform educational policy decisions.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study using a questionnaire distributed to physicians engaged in eye care.
RESULTS: A total of 137 physicians responded to the survey, with 104 (76.0%) having already completed their specialization. The findings indicate that most practicing ophthalmologists received surgical training during residency in cataract, glaucoma, oculoplastic, and strabismus surgeries. Nonetheless, many of these specialists no longer perform most of these surgeries in practice, except for cataract surgery. While 53.8% of those who completed residency reported satisfaction with their training, 35.6% indicated that they wished they had received better surgical preparation.
CONCLUSION: The training of ophthalmology specialists must be made more efficient. Training efficiency is reduced when time and resources are devoted to surgical procedures that many specialists will not perform in their careers.

Keywords: Opthalmologists; Teaching; Education, medical; Ophthalmological surgical procedures; Simulation training; Wet lab; Surveys and questionnaires

Abstract

PURPOSE: To compare objective and subjective intraocular pressure measurements immediately after cataract surgery and intraocular pressure measurements between less experienced surgeons (Group 1) and experienced surgeons (Group 2).
METHODS: Surgeons were asked to estimate the IOP after corneal sealing after surgery based on their tactile perception of eye tension (subjective intraocular pressure) Objective intraocular pressure was measured using a Perkins tonometer while patients were still in the surgical field. Objective intraocular pressure was compared to subjective intraocular pressure. Results from less experienced surgeons were compared to more experienced surgeons.
RESULTS: The study comprised 81 surgeries (81 eyes) performed by 27 surgeons. The mean objective intraocular pressure (9.14 mmHg; SD=5.86) was statistically significantly lower (p<0.001) than the mean subjective intraocular pressure (19.21 mmHg; SD=4.82). Hypotony (intraocular pressure <6mmHg) was observed in 25 eyes (30.86%). The mean subjective intraocular pressure was 18.8 mmHg (SD=5.19) for less experienced surgeons and 19.5 mmHg (SD=4.46) for more experienced, without statistically significant difference (p=0.541). No statistically significant difference (p=0.71) was observed when comparing objective intraocular pressure in Group 1 (10.32 mmHg; SD=6.65) and Group 2 (7.97 mmHg; SD=4.7).
CONCLUSION: Objective intraocular pressure was significantly lower than subjective intraocular pressure, regardless of surgeons' experience. This study showed that the subjective method is unreliable compared to the gold standard (Perkins tonometer) and does not improve with surgeons' experience. Establishing standard training methods is paramount to developing surgeons' skills.

Keywords: Cataract; Intraocular pressure; Hypotony, Tonometry; Eye diseases; Training

Abstract

PURPOSE: The OrbiTau surgical simulator is a synthetic eye model developed to enhance cataract surgical training. Herein, we aimed to describe the perspectives of Harvard’s Ophthalmology faculty and residents regarding the effectiveness of OrbiTau.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in which 11 surgeons from the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, with prior experience utilizing simulated phacoemulsification platforms, conducted cataract surgery with the OrbiTau. Subsequently, they completed a satisfaction questionnaire using the Likert scale.
RESULTS: Regarding the various OrbiTau components, 90.90% of the participants reported that the OrbiTau lens capsule was comparable to that of the human lens during capsulotomy. Furthermore, 72.72% of the participants found that the OrbiTau lens consistency was analogous to that of the human lens nucleus. Approximately 63.63% of the participants reported that the model’s posterior lens capsule resembled the native posterior capsule, and 72.72% of the participants noted that the model’s red reflex was similar to that of the dilated human pupil. Most participants believed that the OrbiTau was easier to use and more realistic than other commercially available simulators.
CONCLUSION: Our single-institution survey of the Orbitau demonstrated that this model realistically replicates ocular structures and may be a viable option for cataract surgery training.

Keywords: Cataract extraction/education; Simulation training/methods; Ophthalmology/education; Phacoemulsification/education; Ophthalmologists/education; Surgeons/education; High fidelity simulation training

Abstract

PURPOSE: To assess the effect of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on cataract surgery by residents who had mandatory surgical simulator training during residency.
METHODS: In this retrospective, observational analytical study, the total number of cataract surgeries and surgical complications by all senior residents of 2019 (2019 class; prepandemic) and 2020 (2020 class; affected by the reduced number of elective surgeries due to the COVID-19 pandemic) were collected and compared. All residents had routine mandatory cataract surgery training on a virtual surgical simulator during residency. The total score obtained by these residents on cataract challenges of the surgical simulator was also evaluated.
RESULTS: The 2020 and 2019 classes performed 1275 and 2561 cataract surgeries, respectively. This revealed a reduction of 50.2% in the total number of procedures performed by the 2020 class because of the pandemic. The incidence of surgical complications was not statistically different between the two groups (4.2% in the 2019 class and 4.9% in the 2020 class; p=0.314). Both groups also did not differ in their mean scores on the simulator’s cataract challenges (p<0.696).
CONCLUSION: Despite the reduction of 50.2% in the total number of cataract surgeries performed by senior residents of 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, the incidence of surgical complications did not increase. This suggests that surgical simulator training during residency mitigated the negative effects of the reduced surgical volume during the pandemic.

Keywords: COVID-19; Pandemics; Cataract extraction/education; Internship and residency/methods; Simulation training/methods; Phacoemulsification/education; Surgery, computer-assisted; Computer simulation; Clinical competence; Ophthalmology/education

Abstract

OBJETIVO: Este estudo visou avaliar os mecanismos da lesão e os tipos de fraturas orbitárias e sua relação com commotio retinae simultânea.
MÉTODOS: Este estudo retrospectivo avaliou registros de pacientes com fraturas orbitárias cujos diagnósticos foram confirmados por tomografia computadorizada entre julho de 2017 e setembro de 2019. Foram registrados os dados demográficos, circunstâncias da lesão, os resultados do exame oftalmológico e achados radiológicos. A análise estatística dos dados usou os testes de t-Student bicaudal, qui-quadrado e cálculos de odds ratio. O significado estatístico foi fixada em p<0,05.
RESULTADOS: Dos 204 pacientes com fraturas orbitárias incluídos neste estudo, 154 (75,5%) eram sexo masculino (75,5%). A média de idade foi de 42,1 anos. As fraturas orbitárias envolvendo uma parede orbital (58,8%) foram mais comuns do que as que acometeram várias paredes (41,2%). A maioria das fraturas acometeu a parede inferior (60,3%), sendo as paredes mediais as próximas mais frequentemente afetadas (19,6%). A causda mais comum de lesão foi agressão (59,3%), e a segunda mais comum foi queda (24%). A commotio retinae foi observada em 20,1% dos casos de fratura orbital e foi mais associada a lesões causadas por agressão (OR=5,22, p<0,001) e menos associada com aquelas causadas por quedas (OR=0,06, p<0,001). As restrições de movimentos oculares eram mais comuns na comoção central do que na periférica (OR=3,79, p=0,015) e com fraturas da parede medial do que com fraturas de outras paredes orbitais (OR=7,16, p<0,001). As chances de comoção não foram maiores em pacientes com fraturas orbitais de paredes múltiplas do que naqueles com fraturas de parede simples (p=0,967).
CONCLUSÕES: Na população do estudo, a agressão foi a causa mais comum de fraturas orbitais e resultou em commotio retinae mais grave do que qualquer outra causa. Os oftalmologistas devem estar cientes da probabilidade de commotio retinae em pacientes com fraturas orbitais resultantes de agressão, independentemente da extensão das lesões do paciente.

Keywords: Fraturas orbitárias; Movimentos oculares; Retina; Ferimentos e lesões

Abstract

A fístula carótido-cavernosa direta é uma comunicação de alto fluxo entre a artéria carótida interna e o seio cavernoso que requer embolização trans-arterial precoce para sua resolução. É relatado aqui o caso de um paciente com fístula carótido-cavernosa direta que posteriormente desenvolveu uma trombose da veia central da retina devido a um atraso no tratamento relacionado ao colapso de saúde experimentado nos primeiros meses da pandemia de Covid-19 na Espanha.

Keywords: Fístula carotidocavernosa; Covid-19; Oclusão da veia retiniana

Abstract

Os autores relatam o caso de um homem diabético de 46 anos de idade em tratamento para mucormicose rino-orbital-cerebral com anfotericina B lipossomal e desbridamento cirúrgico. Piora clínica foi observada, com acometimento de motilidade ocular e acuidade visual de ausência de percepção luminosa, sendo evidenciada extensão radiológica da infecção, com invasão do seio cavernoso. Com base nos achados oftalmológicos, uma exenteração, procedimento potencialmente desfigurante, foi indicada, mas optamos por realizar amplo desbridamento cirúrgico e administração intraconal de anfotericina B por cateter. Melhora clínica e resolução da inflamação ocorreram após duas semanas de tratamento. Dessa forma, a mucormicose rino-orbital-cerebral foi efetivamente controlada com a administração intraconal de anfotericina B, evitando a exenteração. A intervenção deve ser considerada como um tratamento adjuvante em casos selecionados de mucormicose rino-orbital-cerebral antes que a exenteração seja realizada.

Keywords: Mucormicose; Celulite orbitária; Anfotericina B; Órbita; Infecções fúngicas

Abstract

O objetivo deste relato é apresentar o caso de uma paciente de 97 anos com início agudo e espontâneo de hiperemia e edema palpebral. Estes sinais não levaram a uma suspeita diagnóstica de fístula carótido-cavernosa até um segundo momento, quando a paciente apresentou progressão importante do quadro clínico. Apesar da realização de tratamento efetivo com embolização da fístula, a paciente manteve alterações oculares como edema de córnea, coágulos e turvação no humor aquoso, e manteve perda visual definitiva.

Keywords: Fístula carótidocavernosa; Celulite orbitária; Doença orbitária, Perda visual; Procedimentos endovasculares; Humanos; Relatos de casos

Abstract

Apresentamos um caso incomum de paciente pediátrico com diagnóstico de mucocele de seio esfenoidal, que apresentou perda progressiva da acuidade visual ao longo de três meses, resultando em recuperação total da acuidade visual após a cirurgia. Paciente do sexo masculino, 13 anos, procurou o pronto-socorro, queixando-se de perda progressiva da acuidade visual do olho esquerdo nos últimos três meses. Exames de imagem revelaram uma massa cística sugestiva de mucocele de seio esfenoidal, causando neuropatia óptica compressiva e proptose. O paciente foi agendado para esfenoidectomia e ressecção da massa. Três dias após a cirurgia, a acuidade visual do paciente no olho esquerdo era de 20/20, apresentando recuperação completa dos sintomas. Diante dos resultados de nosso paciente, sugerimos que a idade do paciente pode ser decisiva na recuperação da acuidade visual de uma neuropatia óptica compressiva secundária à mucocele de seio esfenoidal. Mais pesquisas são necessárias para verificação desses dados.

Keywords: Seio esfenoidal; Mucocele; Doenças orbitárias; Doenças do nervo óptico; Doenças do sistema nervoso; Neuroimagem; Acuidade visual; Criança

Abstract

Um homem de 53 anos, com história de 3 dias de edema periorbital e perda de visão no olho esquerdo, apresentou trombose séptica do seio cavernoso com envolvimento bilateral das veias orbitais, causando uma orbitopatia congestiva. O paciente foi tratado com uma cantotomia e cantólise de emergência, colírios para redução da pressão intraocular, antibióticos, anticoagulantes e exames seriados. A tomografia de coerência óptica finalmente demonstrou destruição isquêmica difusa de ambas as camadas da retina, sugerindo uma oclusão da artéria oftálmica ou das artérias ciliares posteriores curtas e da artéria retiniana central, com ausência de envolvimento do segmento intracavernoso da artéria carótida interna. O paciente permaneceu sem percepção luminosa no olho esquerdo.

Keywords: Trombose do corpo cavernoso; Doenças orbitárias; Tomografia de coerência óptica; Humanos; Relato de casos

Abstract

Hepatitis C virus infection may be implicated in 12.7% of ocular adnexal marginal zone lymphomas. We present the first case of an orbital-systemic mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma that responded to hepatitis C virus medical treatment. A 62-year-old male with a right-sided orbital mass was diagnosed with stage IIA orbital marginal zone lymphoma in addition to hepatitis C virus infection based on clinical, imaging, laboratory, and histological examinations. The systemic and orbital responses were achieved 1 year after undergoing hepatitis C virus treatment with glecaprevir/pibrentasvir. The association between the hepatitis C virus infection and orbital-systemic mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma is relevant. Accordingly, patients with orbital mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma should be assessed for hepatitis C virus seroreactivity for therapeutic and prognostic purposes.

Keywords: Orbital disease; Orbital neoplasms; Lymphoma, B-cell marginal zone; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis C; Humans; Case reports

Abstract

Vascular anomalies comprise a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations related to disturbances in the blood or lymph vessels. They correspond to mainly tumors (especially hemangiomas), characterized by high mitotic activity and proliferation of the vascular endothelium, and malformations, endowed with normal mitotic activity and no hypercellularity or changes in the rate of cell turnover. However, the classifications of these lesions go beyond this dichotomy and consist various systems adapted for and by different clinical subgroups. Thus, the classifications have not reached a consensus and have historically caused confusion regarding the nomenclatures and definitions. Cavernous venous malformations of the orbit, previously called cavernous hemangiomas, are the most common benign vascular orbital lesions in adults. Herein, we have compiled and discussed the various evidences, including clinical, radiological, morphological, and molecular evidence that indicate the non-neoplastic nature of these lesions.

Keywords: Orbital neoplasms; Vascular malformations; Vascular system injuries; Cavernous hemangioma; Cavernous venous malformations; Biomakers, tumor; Endothelium, vascular; Cell proliferation