Search Results

Abstract

Objetivo: Estudar os custos de correção dos vícios de refração em grupos de pessoas de distinto poder aquisitivo. Métodos: Os autores estudaram cinqüenta pacientes portadores de vícios de refração. Estes foram separados em dois grupos: grupo I com pacientes escolhidos de forma aleatória na primeira consulta ao ambulatório de Oftalmologia do Hospital Evangélico de Curitiba (HUEC), e grupo II com voluntários médicos do HUEC e acadêmicos de medicina da Faculdade Evangélica de Medicina do Paraná (FEMPAR). Foram analisados dados referentes a sexo, faixa etária, profissão, renda, grau de instrução, uso de correção (óculos ou lentes) e seu custo, consultas oftalmológicas. Os pacientes foram submetidos ao exame oftalmológico de rotina. Resultados: Encontramos no grupo I predominância de pacientes de meia idade (48,5 anos), com renda entre 1 a 5 salários mínimos (SM) e hipermétropes; e no grupo II, pacientes jovens (24,4 anos), com renda acima de 20 SM e míopes foram mais freqüentes. Conclusão: O gasto médio anual com óculos fica no mínimo em R$ 46,50 (0,3 SM); com lentes de contato, no mínimo R$ 196,66 (1,4 SM); e com cirurgia refrativa em R$ 800,00 (5,9 SM). O estudo sugere a cirurgia refrativa como boa indicação para ambos os grupos.

Keywords: Vícios de refração; Aspectos socioeconômicos

Abstract

Objetivo: A refração pós-operatória na cirurgia mo­derna de catarata por microincisão ganha ainda mais importância em pacientes com cirurgia prévia de ceratomileuse in situ assistida por laser (LASIK). As alterações astigmáticas induzidas cirurgicamente nesses olhos podem diferir não apenas em magnitude, mas também em direção em comparação com córneas virgens. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar as alterações astigmáticas induzidas cirurgicamente após cirurgia de catarata por microincisão entre córneas pós-LASIK e olhos virgens.
Métodos: Foi revisada uma série de casos de cirurgia de catarata por microincisão em olhos com e sem cirurgia LASIK anterior. Os dados demográficos, o comprimento axial no momento da cirurgia de catarata, a espessura central da córnea, os valores esféricos e cilíndricos, as leituras da ceratometria e o astigmatismo corneano posterior pós-operatório foram avaliados retrospectivamente. O método Alpins modificado foi usado para análise vetorial astigmática e foram avaliados o astigmatismo basal, o astigmatismo induzido cirurgicamente, o vetor de diferença, o efeito de achatamento e o torque.
Resultados: Ao todo, 42 olhos de 24 indivíduos foram avaliados. O Grupo I consistiu em 14 olhos com LASIK prévio; o Grupo II incluiu 28 olhos sem qualquer cirurgia refrativa. A média da espessura corneana central pré-operatória no Grupo I foi significativamente mais fina (p=0,012). Não houve diferença significativa no astigmatismo basal entre os grupos em termos de magnitude e vetores de potência. Após a cirurgia de catarata por microincisão, não houve diferenças significativas nos valores médios esféricos, cilíndricos e leituras médias de ceratometria (todos com p>0,05). No entanto, o astigmatismo induzido cirurgicamente e o vetor de diferença foram significativamente maiores no componente do vetor J₄₅ em olhos pós-LASIK, e o efeito de aumento da inclinação pela cirurgia de catarata por microincisão nas córneas pós-LASIK foi significativo em comparação com olhos virgens (p=0,001, p=0,002 e p=0,018, respectivamente).
Conclusões: A cirurgia de catarata aumentou a inclinação das córneas em ambos os grupos, sendo esse aumento significativamente maior nos olhos pós-LASIK. Certamente, a topografia da córnea antes da cirurgia de catarata é particularmente útil para fornecer interpretações mais precisas do astigmatismo induzido cirurgicamente.

Keywords: Cirurgia de catarata; Ceratomileuse; excimer laser in situ; Cirurgia refrativa; Astigmatismo induzido cirurgicamente; Análise vetorial.

Abstract

PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify the strategies adopted by Brazilian ophthalmologists to control myopia in clinical practice.
METHODS: This was a prospective cross-sectional study. Data were collected using an online questionnaire.
RESULTS: Responses from 148 participants were collected between March and May 2024. The majority of respondents were general ophthalmologists (51%) and pediatric ophthalmologists (43%). They came from all regions of Brazil, but more than half (52%) were from the Southeast region. Most participants (30%) had over 20 years of clinical practice experience. A significant proportion (89.2%) treated progressive myopia. The most requested complementary exams were optical biometry (83.78%) and corneal topography or tomography (69.59%). Behavioral measures were considered the most effective myopia treatment strategies by 41.2% of the respondents, followed by optical (33.8%) and pharmacological interventions (25%). Most recommended spending more time outdoors (94.59%) and reducing screen time (93.92%). Spectacle lenses for myopia (83.11%) and 0.025% atropine eye drops (54.73%) were the most prescribed treatments after the recommendation of environmental and behavioral changes.
CONCLUSION: This study presents a novel analysis of the clinical strategies for myopia control among Brazilian ophthalmologists. Understanding current clinical practices and identifying possible improvements are essential steps toward developing evidence-based guidelines and professional education aimed at improving patient care.

Keywords: Myopia/epidemiology; Refractive errors; Contact lenses; Myopia/drug therapy; Atropine/therapeutic use; Ophthalmologists; Practice patterns, physicians’; Surveys and questionnaires; Brazil/epidemiology

Abstract

PURPOSE: Although the orthokeratology effects on corneal biomechanics have been proven with clinical trials, reports of stiffness parameter change are scarce. This study investigated the short-term orthokeratology effects in pediatric myopia and compared stiffness parameter changes to those published in recent clinical investigations. This prospective study aimed to investigate corneal biomechanics changes induced by short-term overnight orthokeratology treatment, focusing on stiffness parameter at A1 and stress-strain index
METHODS: Twenty-six children aged 8 to 18 were included in this study using orthokeratology lenses for two different durations: 1 day and 1 week. Corneal biomechanics were assessed using corneal visualization (Corvis) Scheimpflug technology. Measurements were taken at baseline and after each wearing session. Changes in corneal stiffness parameters and corneal curvature were analyzed.
RESULTS: All parameters changed significantly after 1 week of lens wear (p<0.05), except for velocity of corneal apex at the first and second applanation times highest concavity time, radius, stiffness parameter at A1 and stress-strain index. After 1 day, central corneal thickness, first applanation time, second applanation time, deformation amplitude ratio (2 mm), and Corvis biomechanical index (CBI) remained stable (p>0.05). After 1 week, central corneal thickness and first applanation time decreased, whereas second applanation time, deformation amplitude ratio, and Corvis Biomechanical Index significantly increased. With intraocular pressure and central corneal thickness as control variables, no significant correlation was found between stress-strain index and curvature changes (p>0.05). With age as the control variable, no significant correlation was found between stress-strain index and curvature changes (p>0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: Short-term orthokeratology treatment induced notable changes in several corneal biomechanical parameters. Stiffness parameter at A1 and stress-strain index are unaffected by increasing lens wear duration and do not influence the orthokeratology effect.

Keywords: Orthokeratologic procedures; Epithelium, corneal; Corneal topography; Myopia/therapy; Diagnostic techniques, ophthalmological; Biomechanical phenomena; Refraction, ocular; Visual acuity; Humans; Children; Adolescent

Abstract

PURPOSE: This study aimed to examine the prevalence of myopic eyes over 11 years (2008-2018) in a private clinic and a public assistance service.
METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 6332 individuals (12,664 eyes) between 5 and 25 years old, seen at a private clinic-CEMO (2,663 individuals) and a public service-HOIP (3,669 individuals) from 2008 to 2018. We evaluated the prevalence of myopic eyes (EE ≤-0.50) and high myopic eyes (EE ≤-6.00).
RESULTS: Sex and services did not show statistical differences. The variation in the prevalence of myopic and high myopic eyes showed a random pattern during the study period (this prevalence could not be increased). Prevalences ranged from 20.7% (in 2017) to 32.4% (in 2015) for myopic eyes and from 1.6% (in 2009 and 2016) to 3.3% (in 2015) for eyes with high myopia. The prevalence of myopia showed a statistically significant increase based on the age group.
CONCLUSION: The prevalence of myopic eyes did not increase in our study. The mean prevalence of myopic eyes was similar in the private clinic and public service.

Keywords: Myopia; Refractive errors; Epidemiology; Prevalence

Abstract

Objetivo: Avaliar o desempenho clínico do Spot Vision Screener e estabelecer correlações clínicas entre a triagem automatizada e a retinoscopia após indução de cicloplegia em crianças pré-verbais.
Métodos: Neste estudo transversal prospectivo, crianças de 6 a 36 meses foram avaliadas usando o Spot Vision Screener. O exame oftalmológico completo, incluindo refração cicloplégica, foi então realizado, seguido de repetição da triagem automatizada e retinoscopia em todos os casos, a fim de estabelecer correlações quanto à hipermetropia, miopia e astigmatismo após a indução de cicloplegia.
Resultados: O estudo incluiu 185 crianças. A sensibilidade do dispositivo de triagem automática após cicloplegia foi de 100% (IC 95%: 85,18-100%) e a especificidade foi de 87,04% (IC 95%: 80,87-91,79%). Os valores preditivos positivos e negativos foram de 52,27% (42,36 - 62,01%) e 100%, respectivamente. Em comparação com a retinoscopia, o Spot Vision Screener superestimou os valores esféricos em 0,62 D (IC 95%: 0,56 - 0,69) no olho direito e em 0,60 (IC 95%: 0,54 - 0,66) no olho esquerdo e os valores cilíndricos em -0,38 D (IC 95%: -0,42 a -0,33) no olho direito e por -0,39 D (IC 95%: -0,43 a -0,34) no olho esquerdo. A diferença para os valores esféricos e cilíndricos de forma geral foi de 0,61 D (IC 95%: 0,57 - 0,65) e -0,38 D (IC 95%: -0,41 a -0,35), respectivamente.
Conclusão: Foi encontrada correlação substancial entre a retinoscopia e os dados objetivos captados pelo dispositivo. Isso mostra que a tecnologia pode ser usada em conjunto, contribuindo para um diagnóstico mais preciso e identificando os fatores de risco de ambliopia o mais precocemente possível. A técnica automatizada pode fazer a diferença em nível populacional para triagem e intervenção precoce.

Keywords: Erros de refração; Ambliopia; Estrabismo; Refratometria; Retinoscopia

Abstract

Objetivo: Comparar a dor e o desconforto da ceratectomia fotorefrativa mecânica vs transepitelial.
Métodos: Este estudo comparativo prospectivo incluiu 190 olhos de 95 pacientes com hipermetropia, astigmatismo e miopia que foram submetidos a ceratectomia fotorefrativa mecânica em um olho e ceratectomia fotorefrativa transepithelial no olho contralateral usando o laser excimer wavelight Allegretto EX500.O intervalo entre as operações no mesmo paciente foi de 15 a 30 dias. Ambos os olhos tiveram a refração similar antes da cirurgia, com uma diferença máxima de 15-µm na ablação. Os questionários pós-operatórios foram aplicados nos dias 1 e 7 para avaliar o nível de desconforto dos pacientes (0= sem desconforto para 5= desconforto extremo) com os seguintes sintomas: dor, sensação de queimação, coceira, lacrimejamento, fotofobia, vermelhidão dos olhos, sensação corpo estranho e inchaço das pálpebras. Os pacientes também foram questionados sobre qual método eles preferiram.
Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 61 (64,21%) mulheres e 34 (35,79%) Homens. A idade média (SD) do paciente era 31.66 (6.69) anos. No primeiro dia pós-operatório, os pacientes relataram menos desconforto no olho que recebeu ceratectomia fotorefrativa mecânica do que ceratectomia fotorefrativa transepithelial (1,9 ± 1,74 vs 2,5 ± 1,83; p=0,017), sensação de queimação (1,8 ± 1,56 vs 2,5 ± 1,68; p=0,004), lacrimejamento (2,3 ± 1,71 vs 3,1 ± 1,69; p=0,001), e sensação corpo estranho (1,9 ± 1,77 vs 2,5 ± 1,86; p=0,024). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre ceratectomia fotorefrativa mecânica e ceratectomia fotorefrativa transepithelial no dia 7 pós-operatório. Cinquenta e nove pacientes (62,10%) preferiram ceratectomia fotorefrativa mecânica, enquanto 32 (33,68%) preferiram ceratectomia fotorefrativa transepithelial. Quatro pacientes (4,22%) não expressaram nenhuma preferência.
Conclusões: Nossos resultados mostraram que os escores de dor foram significativamente menores nos olhos tratados pelo ceratectomia fotorefrativa mecânica do que nos olhos tratados com ceratectomia fotorefrativa transepithelial no primeiro dia pós-operatório, o que pode ter proporcionado maior conforto do paciente após a cirurgia e os levou a ter uma preferência pela técnica ceratectomia fotorefrativa mecânica.

Keywords: Dor pós-operatoria; Astigmatismo; Miopia; Hiperopia; Ceratectomia fotorrefrativa; Laser de excimer/uso terapêutico

Abstract

Objetivo: Determinar o impacto do uso de unidade móvel no acesso à saúde ocular e avaliar o perfil da população que necessita de cuidados oftalmológicos, as doenças oculares mais frequentes e o tratamento. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado em 14 municípios da região sudoeste do Estado de São Paulo utilizando uma unidade móvel oftalmológica. Os participantes eram usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde que procuraram atendimento oftalmológico, sem restrição quanto a idade, gênero ou condição socioeconômica. Os dados foram transferidos para a tabela Excel para análise estatística. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 6.878 pessoas, com média de idade de 44 anos (variação de 4 meses a 96 anos) e 65,5% eram mulheres. Erros refrativos estavam presentes em 78,6% dos participantes, catarata em 9,6% e pterígio em 8,3%. Para 60% foram prescritos óculos, para 10% foi mantida a correção óptica em uso e para 28% foram necessárias apenas orientações. Exames especializados ou procedimentos cirúrgicos foram indicados para 18,1% dos casos que foram encaminhados para tratamento em serviço terciário. Dentre os pacientes referenciados, 36,4% necessitavam de cirurgia oculoplástica ou para tratar afecções externas do olho e 31,8%, de cirurgia de catarata. Conclusão: A grande maioria dos pacientes que procurou atendimento na unidade móvel necessitava de prescrição de óculos. A unidade móvel oftalmológica possui alto grau de resolutividade para os problemas oculares, com oportunidade de tratar os erros refrativos e referenciar os pacientes que necessitam de atendimento especializado, geralmente relacionado a condições cirúrgicas. Unidades móveis podem ser uma alternativa aos cuidados oftalmológicos básicos, melhorando o acesso, atuando na promoção da saúde ocular e prevenindo a cegueira.

Keywords: Unidades móveis de saúde; Saúde ocular; Transtornos da visão; Erros de refração; Óculos; Cegueira/prevenção & controle

Abstract

PURPOSE: To examine how ophthalmological features, screen exposure duration, and break habits among office employees affect ocular surface parameters.
METHODS: This single-center cross-sectional study involved two assessments on the same day: one before and one after a visual display terminal task. During the initial assessment, information on screen use was gathered, and refractive error, anterior segment examination, tear breakup time, and Schirmer test measurements were conducted. Participants tracked their screen usage and break durations throughout the day. At the end of the workday, tear breakup time and Schirmer I tests were repeated. Baseline and follow-up results were compared, and regression analysis was performed to identify factors linked to tear breakup time reduction.
RESULTS: The study enrolled 60 female office employees. Their mean screen time was 269.26 ± 70.21 min, with an average break duration of 151.93 ± 46.24 min. Tear breakup time at the second assessment (6.38 ± 2.70) was significantly lower than at baseline (8.62 ± 2.73) (p<0.001), whereas Schirmer test scores showed no significant change (p>0.05). Tear breakup time reduction was noted in 54 participants (90.0%), with a significant association between tear breakup time decrease percentage and screen exposure (p=0.001, r=0.463). Regression analysis showed that uncorrected or undercorrected refractive error was an independent risk factor for a ≥30% tear breakup time reduction, while taking more frequent short breaks (<15 min) acted as a protective factor.
CONCLUSIONS: Taking more frequent short breaks (<15 min) and correcting refractive errors help prevent intra-day tear breakup time decline during visual display terminal use. Structuring breaks to support tear film stability is advisable for occupations that require regular visual display terminal tasks.

Keywords: Tear film; Screen time; Tear breakup time; Office workers; Protective factors; Lacerations;  Refractive errors; Risk factors.

Abstract

PURPOSE: Using advanced imaging techniques, this study aimed to evaluate corneal stability, epithelial remodeling, and tear film changes over a one-year period in first-time soft-contact lens wearers.
METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on 100 eyes of 50 first-time daily soft-contact lens users aged 21–65 years with no prior rigid gas-permeable lens wear. The Sirius Scheimpflug imaging system was used to assess corneal topography, epithelial thickness, and non-invasive tear break-up time at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months. Corneal warpage was evaluated using symmetry indices and Baiocchi Calossi Versaci indices. We performed statistical analysis using repeated-measures analyses of variance with Greenhouse-Geisser correction.
RESULTS: The mean baseline central corneal thickness was 537.83 (±7.92) µm, with no significant thinning after one year. The average simulated keratometry values remained stable, indicating no progressive corneal steepening or flattening. There were no significant changes in warpage indices over time, suggesting corneal shape preservation. Higher-order aberrations (coma, trefoil, and spherical aberrations) and non-invasive tear break-up time remained unchanged throughout the study period.
CONCLUSIONS: Modern silicone hydrogel soft-contact lenses do not induce significant corneal warpage, epithelial remodeling, or optical aberrations over a one-year period. We found that corneal morphology and tear film stability were preserved, supporting the safety of soft-contact lens use. These findings provide clinically relevant insights into the long-term impact of contact lens wear. They may facilitate improved lens fitting strategies and preoperative refractive surgery assessments.

Keywords: Contact lenses, hydrophilic; Cornea/surgery; Corneal diseases; Corneal topography; Adaptation, ocular/physiology; Endothelium, corneal/pathology; Refractive errors; Tears/metabolism.

Abstract

PURPOSE: To compare the refractive prediction error of Hill-radial basis function 3.0 with those of 3 conventional formulas and 11 combination methods in eyes with short axial lengths.
METHODS: The refractive prediction error was calculated using 4 formulas (Hoffer Q, SRK-T, Haigis, and Hill-RBF) and 11 combination methods (average of two or more methods). The absolute error was determined, and the proportion of eyes within 0.25-diopter (D) increments of absolute error was analyzed. Furthermore, the intraclass correlation coefficients of each method were computed to evaluate the agreement between target refractive error and postoperative spherical equivalent.
RESULTS: This study included 87 eyes. Based on the refractive prediction error findings, Hoffer Q formula exhibited the highest myopic errors, followed by SRK-T, Hill-RBF, and Haigis. Among all the methods, the Haigis and Hill-RBF combination yielded a mean refractive prediction error closest to zero. The SRK-T and Hill-RBF combination showed the lowest mean absolute error, whereas the Hoffer Q, SRK-T, and Haigis combination had the lowest median absolute error. Hill-radial basis function exhibited the highest intraclass correlation coefficient, whereas SRK-T showed the lowest. Haigis and Hill-RBF, as well as the combination of both, demonstrated the lowest proportion of refractive surprises (absolute error >1.00 D). Among the individual formulas, Hill-RBF had the highest success rate (absolute error ≤0.50 D). Moreover, among all the methods, the SRK-T and Hill-RBF combination exhibited the highest success rate.
CONCLUSIONS: Hill-radial basis function showed accuracy comparable to or surpassing that of conventional formulas in eyes with short axial lengths. The use and integration of various formulas in cataract surgery for eyes with short axial lengths may help reduce the incidence of refractive surprises.

Keywords: Cataract; Lenses, intraocular; Axial length, eye; Refractive errors; Artificial intelligence

Abstract

PURPOSE: To compare standard single-step transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy, planned using a population-derived epithelial thickness profile, with MS-39 epithelial thickness map-guided single-step transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy in eyes with regular corneas, with a focus on early epithelial healing and short-term visual and refractive outcomes.
METHODS: This prospective, randomized, patient-masked, contralateral-eye clinical trial included 15 patients (30 eyes) with stable myopia, with or without regular astigmatism. Each patient underwent standard transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy in one eye and MS-39 epithelial map-guided transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy in the fellow eye using the same excimer laser platform and single-step transepithelial workflow. Early postoperative outcomes included pain scores and epithelial-defect area on postoperative day 2 and complete reepithelialization on day 7. Visual and refractive outcomes included uncorrected distance visual acuity at 30 and 90 days, corrected distance visual acuity at 90 days, residual spherical equivalent, and residual cylinder magnitude at 90 days. Paired analyses were performed.
RESULTS: All patients completed the 90-day follow-up. Early postoperative recovery did not differ significantly between groups. On day 2, the mean pain score was 2.33±0.82 in guided eyes and 2.40±0.63 in standard eyes, whereas the mean epithelial-defect area was 3.75±5.34 and 2.78±2.86 mm², respectively. Complete reepithelialization by ay 7 occurred in all eyes. At 90 days, mean uncorrected distance visual acuity was −0.080±0.056 logMAR in guided eyes and −0.073±0.046 logMAR in standard eyes (p=0.564). Mean residual spherical equivalent was −0.03±0.35 D and 0.00±0.41 D, respectively (p=0.831). A total of 93.3% of guided eyes and 86.7% of standard eyes were within ±0.50 D of plano, and all eyes were within ±1.00 D.
CONCLUSIONS: In this randomized contralateral-eye pilot study, MS-39 epithelial map-guided single-step transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy did not demonstrate a statistically detectable short-term clinical advantage over standard population-based planning in eyes with regular corneas. Because the study was not designed as an equivalence or noninferiority trial, these findings should not be interpreted as evidence of equivalence.

Keywords: Photorefractive keratectomy/methods; Cornea/physiopathology; Corneal epithelium/surgery; Myopia/surgery; Astigmatism/surgery; Corneal topography; Refraction, ocular/physiology

Abstract

PURPOSE:To determine the frequency and clinical characteristics of ophthalmologic manifestations in children aged ≤16 years with autism spectrum disorder who were evaluated at a private academic healthcare network and a public tertiary hospital.
METHODS: This retrospective descriptive study was conducted through a review of the medical records of children aged <16 years with autism spectrum disorder who were examined between 2023 and 2024. Demographic characteristics, visual function testability, refractive errors, strabismus, and prescribed treatments were analyzed. Dynamic retinoscopy was used to objectively assess the binocular accommodative response. Statistical analyses included 95% confidence intervals (Wilson score method) and exploratory multivariate logistic regression.
RESULTS: A total of 144 children were included; 79.2% were male, and the mean age was 6.3±2.7 years. Refractive errors were identified in 81.9% of children, of whom 63.2% had clinically significant errors requiring optical correction. Strabismus was diagnosed in 32.6% of cases, with exotropia being the most prevalent type. Stereopsis was successfully assessed in 72.2% of children. Notably, dynamic retinoscopy demonstrated perfect agreement (κ=1.000, p<0.001) with the presence of clinically significant refractive errors. Multivariate regression showed that increasing age was strongly associated with successful visual acuity testing, whereas neurological comorbidities and greater autism spectrum disorder severity significantly increased the odds of non-testability. Among children who continued follow-up, 63.9% experienced significant improvement in visual acuity. Although optical correction was generally well tolerated, adherence to occlusion therapy was notably low (6.8%), and 42.4% of the cohort was lost to follow-up.
CONCLUSIONS: Ophthalmologic abnormalities, particularly refractive errors and strabismus, are highly prevalent among children with autism spectrum disorder. Given the limited reliability of subjective visual assessment in this population, objective measures, particularly dynamic retinoscopy and cycloplegic refraction, are essential for accurate diagnosis. The substantial loss to follow-up further highlights the need for adapted clinical strategies to ensure continuity of ophthalmologic care in this population.

Keywords: Autism spectrum disorder; Pediatric ophthalmology; Refractive errors; Strabismus

Abstract

A abordagem de qualquer condição refrativa do olho com astigmatismo regular é mais complicada do que a da miopia ou hipermetropia isoladamente. Requer familiaridade com as imagens complexas coletivamente identificadas como o conóide de Sturm. Felizmente, apenas três deles desempenham um papel crítico na interpretação da ametropia com astigmatismo. Este manuscrito mostra como uma estratégia de prescrição para as ametropias associadas ao astigmatismo regular pode evoluir a partir dessas três imagens principais.

Keywords: Astigmatismo; Erros de refração

Abstract

Myopia is a significant risk factor for glaucoma and a growing public health problem worldwide. Detecting glaucomatous changes in highly myopic eyes is diagnostically challenging due to the abnormal appearance of the optic nerve head. These patients also have a greater biomechanical susceptibility to pressure-induced glaucomatous damage. Refractive surgery has become increasingly popular, and many candidates for refractive surgery are myopic. Therefore, we sought to review the aspects of patient evaluation in those who have undergone refractive surgery for myopia concerned with the detection and monitoring of glaucoma development. We identified several important elements of patient evaluation for glaucoma after refractive surgery. These included the need for both structural and functional assessments before and after surgery, and the importance of monitoring for postoperative biomechanical changes in the cornea and their impact on intraocular pressure. We conclude that, in patients who undergo refractive surgery for myopia, it is essential to assess for the presence of glaucoma, to identify staging, and to plan for long-term control of the disease, regardless of IOP.

Keywords: Glaucoma; Intraocular pressure; Myopia; Refractive surgery