ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To assess and compare the in vitro susceptibility of ocular bacterial isolates to fluoroquinolones, including moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin. METHODS: A total of 154 bacterial ocular isolates from keratitis and conjunctivitis were tested for sensitivity to the studied antibiotics, using the disk diffusion method. RESULTS: Of the 51 corneal isolates, 46 (90.2%) were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, 45 (88.2%) to ofloxacin and 41 (80.4%) to lomefloxacin. All corneal isolates were sensitive to moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin. Of the 103 bacterial conjunctival isolates, 101 (98.1%) and 103 (100%) were sensitive to gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin, respectively. Two strains of Streptococcus sp viridans group were resistant to gatifloxacin. A total of 82 (79.6%) specimens were sensitive to lomefloxacin, 89 (86.4%) and 96 (93.2%) to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, respectively. CONCLUSION: Fourth generation fluoroquinolones, herein exemplified by moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin, seem to be more effective than previous generation fluoroquinolones against frequently encountered organisms isolated from patients with bacterial keratitis and conjunctivitis.

Keywords: Quinolones; Drug resistance; microbial; Eye infections; Microbial sensitivity tests; Cornea; Conjunctiva

RESUMO

OBJETIVOS: Conhecer e comparar a susceptibilidade in vitro de bactérias isoladas do olho à fluoroquinolonas, incluindo moxifloxacina e gatifloxacina. MÉTODOS: Um total de 154 bactérias isoladas de ceratites e conjuntivites foram submetidas a testes de sensibilidade antimicrobiana aos antibióticos usando o método de difusão em disco. RESULTADOS: Das 51 bactérias isoladas da córnea, 46 (90,2%) foram sensíveis a ciprofloxacina, 45 (88,2%) a ofloxacina e 41 (80,4%) a lomefloxacina. Todas as bactérias isoladas da córnea foram sensíveis a moxifloxacina e a gatifloxacina. Das 103 bactérias isoladas da conjuntiva 101 (98,1%) e 103 (100%) foram sensíveis a gatifloxacina e moxifloxacina, respectivamente. Duas cepas de Streptococcus sp do grupo viridans mostraram-se resistentes à gatifloxacina. Um total de 82 (79,6%) espécimes foi sensível a lomefloxacina, 89 (86,4%) e 96 (93,2%) a ciprofloxacina e ofloxacina, respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: As quinolonas de 4ª geração, aqui exemplificadas pela moxifloxacina e gatifloxacina, apresentam eficácia antimicrobiana maior do que a ciprofloxacina, ofloxacina e lomefloxacina contra os organismos freqüentemente isolados em pacientes com infecções bacterianas da córnea e da conjuntiva.

Descritores: Quinolonas; Resistência microbianas a drogas; Infecções oculares bacterianas; Testes de sensibilidade microbiana; Córnea; Conjuntiva

ARTIGOS ORIGINAIS

 

In vitro antibiotic susceptibilities of ocular bacteria isolates from the cornea and conjunctiva to moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin and other fluoroquinolones

 

Testes de sensibilidade antimicrobiana de bactérias isoladas da córnea e da conjuntiva à moxifloxacina, gatifloxacina e outras fluoroquinolonas

 

 

Ana Luisa Höfling-Lima^I; Rubens Belfort Jr^I; Cecília Tobias Aguiar Moeller^II; Bruno Castelo Branco^III; Luciene Barbosa de Sousa^IV; Denise de Freitas^V

^IProf(a). Titular do Departamento de Oftalmologia - UNIFESP/EPM
^IIMédica do Departamento de Oftalmologia - UNIFESP/EPM
^IIIDoutor pelo Departamento de Oftalmologia - UNIFESP/EPM
^IVProfª Afiliada do Departamento de Oftalmologia - UNIFESP/EPM
^IVLivre Docente e Profª Afiliada do Departamento de Oftalmologia - UNIFESP/EPM

Correspondence

 

 

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ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To assess and compare the in vitro susceptibility of ocular bacterial isolates to fluoroquinolones, including moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin.
METHODS: A total of 154 bacterial ocular isolates from keratitis and conjunctivitis were tested for sensitivity to the studied antibiotics, using the disk diffusion method.
RESULTS: Of the 51 corneal isolates, 46 (90.2%) were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, 45 (88.2%) to ofloxacin and 41 (80.4%) to lomefloxacin. All corneal isolates were sensitive to moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin. Of the 103 bacterial conjunctival isolates, 101 (98.1%) and 103 (100%) were sensitive to gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin, respectively. Two strains of Streptococcus sp viridans group were resistant to gatifloxacin. A total of 82 (79.6%) specimens were sensitive to lomefloxacin, 89 (86.4%) and 96 (93.2%) to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, respectively.
CONCLUSION: Fourth generation fluoroquinolones, herein exemplified by moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin, seem to be more effective than previous generation fluoroquinolones against frequently encountered organisms isolated from patients with bacterial keratitis and conjunctivitis.

Keywords: Quinolones; Drug resistance, microbial; Eye infections, bacterial; Microbial sensitivity tests; Cornea/microbiology; Conjunctiva/microbiology

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RESUMO

OBJETIVOS: Conhecer e comparar a susceptibilidade in vitro de bactérias isoladas do olho à fluoroquinolonas, incluindo moxifloxacina e gatifloxacina.
MÉTODOS: Um total de 154 bactérias isoladas de ceratites e conjuntivites foram submetidas a testes de sensibilidade antimicrobiana aos antibióticos usando o método de difusão em disco.
RESULTADOS: Das 51 bactérias isoladas da córnea, 46 (90,2%) foram sensíveis a ciprofloxacina, 45 (88,2%) a ofloxacina e 41 (80,4%) a lomefloxacina. Todas as bactérias isoladas da córnea foram sensíveis a moxifloxacina e a gatifloxacina. Das 103 bactérias isoladas da conjuntiva 101 (98,1%) e 103 (100%) foram sensíveis a gatifloxacina e moxifloxacina, respectivamente. Duas cepas de Streptococcus sp do grupo viridans mostraram-se resistentes à gatifloxacina. Um total de 82 (79,6%) espécimes foi sensível a lomefloxacina, 89 (86,4%) e 96 (93,2%) a ciprofloxacina e ofloxacina, respectivamente.
CONCLUSÕES: As quinolonas de 4ª geração, aqui exemplificadas pela moxifloxacina e gatifloxacina, apresentam eficácia antimicrobiana maior do que a ciprofloxacina, ofloxacina e lomefloxacina contra os organismos freqüentemente isolados em pacientes com infecções bacterianas da córnea e da conjuntiva.

Descritores: Quinolonas; Resistência microbianas a drogas; Infecções oculares bacterianas; Testes de sensibilidade microbiana; Córnea/microbiologia; Conjuntiva/microbiologia

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INTRODUCTION

Ocular infections such as bacterial keratitis, conjunctivitis, and endophthalmitis may represent a serious ocular problem with significant sight-threatening consequences if aggressive, appropriate therapy is not promptly instituted^(1-5).

To minimize visual loss due to ocular infection, diagnosis has relied on microbiology. Initial treatment with broad spectrum antibiotics is based on the clinical picture^(1-4), known pathogens and antibiotic sensitivities in a given region^(2,5).

For several years, fortified cephalosporins and aminoglycosides have been used as first choice treatment for infectious keratitis. Problems associated with topical fortified antibiotics such as local toxicity, stability, cost, need for refrigeration and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant organisms have prompted interest in the search for therapeutic alternatives^(1,3,5-7).

The fluoroquinolones used as a single commercially available drug, introduced for topical ophthalmic use in the mid-80 s, contributed to minimize all those problems associated with topical fortified antibiotics and are also an alternative treatment combined with fortified topical antibiotic in severe cases^(3-6,8-10). This class of antibiotic provides a broad-spectrum coverage against most aerobic gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria and against some anaerobic species^(8,10-12). In addition, low toxicity, bactericidal effect, safety, good ocular penetration, and easy availability have made fluoroquinolones a good choice to treat ocular infections^(2,9,12).

Several clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of fluoroquinolones in treating bacterial keratitis and conjunctivitis^{(1,4,7,9,11-14)}. The first fluoroquinolone antibiotics formulated for topical ophthalmic drops were ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and ofloxacin^(6-7,9,12). However, emerging resistance to fluoroquinolones and untoward effects associated with their use, such as crystalline corneal deposits, reinforcing the need to modify some structures of this class of antibiotics^{(2,4,6,10,13)}. New generations of fluoroquinolones, such as gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin, have been introduced to treat infections caused by organisms resistant to the previous therapy^(14-16).

Fourth generation fluoroquinolones possess an 8-methoxyside chain, which may be responsible for their enhanced activity against gram-positive, atypical pathogens and broad-spectrum coverage against gram-negative organisms. They were primarily developed for the treatment of systemic infections such as pneumonia, and were also tested in ocular isolates in several studies^(14,17-18).

The study of oral administration of moxifloxacin or gatifloxacin has made it possible to show therapeutic concentrations in the aqueous humor^(17-18). Studies performed to analyze in vitro susceptibilities of these new fourth generation fluoroquinolones show an activity spectrum that appropriately encompasses the bacterial species most frequently involved in various causes of ocular infections^{(14-17,19-21)}.

The purpose of the present study was to assess in vitro susceptibility of ocular bacterial isolates from conjunctiva and cornea to moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, and compare it to the previous fluoroquinolone generation, lomefloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin. All tested microorganisms were isolated from a population not exposed to fourth generation fluoroquinolones.

 

METHODS

We submitted to antibiotic susceptibility tests bacteria isolated from patients with keratitis and conjunctivitis, examined between July and November 2002 at the External Diseases Laboratory at the Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil.

Material obtained from infected areas was cultured on solid (blood, chocolate, Sabouraud's, and nonnutrient agar) and liquid media, (brain-heart infusion, and thioglycolate broth). The laboratorial diagnosis was considered positive when the same microorganism was observed on two or more media, when there was confluent growth at the site of inoculation on one solid media, or also when growth in one medium was evidenced by consistent direct microscopy findings.

All isolates were subjected to in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing against moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, lomefloxacin, ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The reading was performed by measuring the diameter of the inhibiting zone around the disk, in agreement with the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS)⁽²²⁾ criteria for all antibiotics, with one of three resulting grades: resistant, intermediately sensitive, or susceptible (Table 1).

 

 

RESULTS

A total of 154 ocular pathogens from 94 patients with culture-proven bacterial keratitis or conjunctivitis were isolated. Susceptibility tests to the trial antibiotics were performed.

Of the 51 corneal isolates subjected to susceptibility tests, 33 (64.7%) were gram-positive cocci and 18 (35.3%) were gram-negative bacilli. The most common microorganisms in decreasing order of frequency were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas sp, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae (Table 2).

 

 

Of the 103 conjunctival isolates submitted to susceptibility tests, 87 (84.5%) were gram-positive cocci and 16 (15.5%) were gram-negative bacilli. The most common isolates in decreasing order of frequency were: coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus sp and Streptococcus sp viridans group (Table 3).

 

 

Overall susceptibilities of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and lomefloxacin to microorganisms isolated from keratitis were, 90.2%, 88.2% and 80.4%, respectively. Moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin were effective against all corneal isolates.

The same analysis performed of the conjunctival pathogens revealed overall susceptibilities of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and lomefloxacin of 86.4%, 93.2% and 79.6%, respectively. Gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin showed antimicrobial sensitivities of 98.1% and 100%, respectively. Resistance to gatifloxacin was observed in two strains of Streptococcus sp viridans group.

 

DISCUSSION

In our study, the fourth generation fluoroquinolones appear to cover second-generation resistance among most Staphylococcal species, S. viridans, and Pseudomonas. This finding is supported by other studies with bacterial isolates from intraocular infections^(14-16,19). These new fluoroquinolones show great promise for treating ocular infections and may be an alternative to prevent postsurgical endophthalmitis in special cases.

An experimental laboratory investigation revealed that both moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin were more potent than the second and third generation fluoroquinolones against gram-positive bacteria and equally potent against gram-negative bacteria⁽¹⁴⁾. These results are in accordance with our study, with the exception that both moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin also displayed clearly improved activity against gram-negative bacilli of ocular isolates.

The observed variation in susceptibility of Streptococcus sp viridans group to one of the fourth generation fluoroquinolones, in this study, may reflect established differences in the serum standards for each of the fluoroquinolones. Since drug levels attainable in the cornea are considerably higher than those in serum, disc diffusion methods tend to overestimate resistance for ocular pathogens, from a clinical standpoint. However, results encountered may reflect a plasmid-mediated resistance, once the fourth generation fluoroquinolones were developed to resist spontaneous mutations, and generally two genetic mutations are required for changes in antibiotic susceptibility to occur with fourth generation fluoroquinolones⁽¹⁴⁾.

Initial results from this in vitro study of corneal and conjunctival bacterial isolates show forthcoming advantage of fourth generation fluoroquinolones over second generation as demonstrated with the broad spectrum activity observed for gram-positive cocci, gram-negative bacilli and anaerobic microorganisms^(15-18,23).

One of the limitations of using in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing as a surrogate for in vivo effectiveness is that although a favorable clinical result is not guaranteed, it does provide an indication of the potential susceptibility of the microorganism in vivo. Ongoing therapy still should be guided by assessment of the patient's clinical response.

 

CONCLUSION

As recommended the key parameter to consider in the comparison of antibiotic potency is the MIC value; therefore, further tests are necessary to complete this evaluation.

A new possibility for treating ocular infections and preventing postsurgical endophthalmitis considering cost and benefit must be analyzed. In order to avoid development of resistance, the use has to be analyzed considering that second generation fluoroquinolones still remain effective against most ocular bacterial isolates.

 

REFERENCES

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2. Limberg MB. A review of bacterial keratitis and bacterial conjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991;112(Suppl. 4):2S-9.         

3. Garg P, Sharma S, Rao GN. Ciprofloxacin-resistant Pseudomonas keratitis. Ophthalmology. 1999;106(7):1319-23.         

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16. Monica M, Jensen HG. Susceptibility of ocular isolated to gatifloxacin and other fluoroquinolones. In: 36th Annual Meeting: Ocular Microbiology and Immunology Group (OMIG); 2002; Orlando, FL; 2002. Available from: http://eyemicrobiology.upmc.com/2002Abstracts/2002Abs3.htm         

17. Hariprasad SM, Mieler WF, Holz ER. Vitreous and aqueous penetration of orally administered gatifloxacin in humans. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003;121(3):345-50.         

18. Garcia-Saenz MC, Arias-Puente A, Fresnadillo-Martinez MJ, arrasco-Font C. Human aqueous humor levels of oral ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2001;27(12):1969-74.         

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20. Shah M, Ritterband DC, Dingley A, Koplin R, Seedor J. Will the new generation of fluoroquinolone antibiotics become the antimicrobials of choice in endophthalmitis prophylaxis? In: 36th Annual Meeting: Ocular Microbiology and Immunology Group (OMIG); 2002; Orlando, FL; 2002. Available from: http://eyemicrobiology.upmc.com/2002Abstracts/2002Abs12.htm         

21. Myung-Jin J, Aliprandis E, Terrence P, O'Brien TP. Comparative efficacy of topical gatifloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone, versus topical ciprofloxacin, penicillin G and tobramycin in the treatment of experimental S. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa keratitis in rabbits. In: 36th Annual Meeting: Ocular Microbiology and Immunology Group (OMIG); 2002; Orlando, FL; 2002. Available from: http://eyemicrobiology.upmc.com/2002Abstracts/2002Abs2.htm         

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23. Ednie LM, Jacobs MR, Appelbaum PC. Activities of gatifloxacin compared to those of seven other agents against anaerobic organisms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998;42(9):2459-62.         

 

 

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Recebido para publicação em 05.09.2003
Versão revisada recebida em 24.05.2004
Aprovação em 23.07.2004

 

 

Trabalho realizado no Departamento de Oftalmologia da Universidade Federal de São Paulo.