Purpose: Increased tarsal platform show (TPS) and decreased brow fat span (BFS) are associated with favorable results in women undergoing cosmetic blepharoplasty. We conducted a study to evaluate the efficacy of upper blepharoplasty with or without a technique (brassiere sutures) to increase TPS and decrease BFS.
Methods: This is a prospective, randomized, comparative, case series study of 100 eyelids (50 consecutive women patients) treated with cosmetic upper blepharoplasty performed by a single surgeon. Patients were randomized to receive traditional upper blepharoplasty with a single running suture skin closure versus orbicularis oculi muscle fixation to the periosteum (brassiere sutures) prior to skin closure. Data on patient age, duration of follow-up, complications, and treatment were analyzed. The mean TPS, mean BFS, and mean TPS/BFS ratio were measured at three anatomic landmarks before and after surgery.
Results: Fifty-six eyelids (28 patients) were treated with traditional single suture blepharoplasty, and 44 eyelids (22 patients) had brassiere sutures. In both groups, paired t-tests indicate significant differences between preoperative and postoperative evaluations (p<0.05) for eyelid parameters in each location. However, when TPS, BFS, and TPS/BFS ratio were compared between groups with two-way ANOVA, there were no statistically significant differences (p>0.05).
Conclusions: Brassiere sutures during upper blepharoplasty and traditional blepharoplasty were associated with postoperative increase in TPS, decrease in BFS, and increase in TPS/BFS, without statistically significant differences between these surgeries.

Keywords: Blepharoplasty/surgery; Blepharoplasty/methods; Eyelids/surgery; Suture techniques

Purpose: To compare perceptions of the quality of ophthalmological services offered to outpatients from the public healthcare system to those from the private healthcare system, and to determine which measures are seen as necessary and a priority for improving the quality of care.
Methods: This was a prospective observational study on 200 patients, 101 and 99 of whom were from the public and private healthcare systems, respectively. All patients underwent an ophthalmological examination at an ophthalmology hospital in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Personal interviews were conducted using two structured questionnaires adapted from the modified SERVQUAL scale.
Results: Overall, patients from the private healthcare system were significantly more dissatisfied than those from the public healthcare system. In both systems, reliability was considered to be the most important determinant of quality, and it presented the highest level of dissatisfaction. Satisfaction with the public healthcare system was significantly greater than that with the private healthcare system in terms of the tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, and assurance determinants of the SERVQUAL scale.
Conclusions: Institutions must plan, execute, evaluate, and monitor measures that seek to improve the overall patient satisfaction with the quality of services provided, particularly in the private healthcare system, and special attention must be paid to reliability in both healthcare systems. The identification and monitoring of the quality of healthcare services through the periodic use of the SERVQUAL scale may provide healthcare managers with information so that they can identify, plan, and monitor necessary and priority measures. This could be a key strategy for improving the quality of outpatient health services in the public and private systems.

Keywords: Ophthalmology; Health services; Quality indicators, healthcare; Ambulatory care; Quality assurance, healthcare

Purpose: To report the outcomes in patients undergoing surgical correction of intermittent exotropia and to compare the age at surgery to motor and sensory success.
Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study. The results of patients with intermittent exotropia treated with surgery over a 4-year period were reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups based on age at first surgery (<4 years vs. ≥4 years), and motor and sensory outcomes were compared between the two groups.
Results: One hundred thirty-six patients were evaluated, with 67 and 51 patients undergoing surgery before and after the age of 4 years, respectively. The mean age at surgery was 6.8 ± 2.6 years. The reoperation rate for the patients who underwent surgery before 4 years of age was 48% versus 42% for the ones who underwent surgery after this age (p=0.93). Postoperative stereopsis showed an inverse linear association with age at surgery (p<0.001). For each month younger at the time of surgery, there was 0.69 s of arc worsening in the Titmus test. Conversely, when we separately analyzed the patients in whom the first postoperative alignment was esotropic vs. orthophoric/exotropic, we found no correlation between the immediate postoperative alignment in the first week and sensory outcome at the last visit.
Conclusions: When indicated, patients with intermittent exotropia can be operated upon safely under 4 years of age, and may even present better motor results than older patients. Postoperative stereoacuity in younger children revealed to be worse than in older children; however, this result is unlikely to be due to inadequate age for surgery, but rather, immaturity for performing the stereopsis test.

Keywords: Exotropia/surgery; Oculomotor muscles/surgery; Ophthalmologic sur gical procedures; Age factors; Humans; Child

Purpose: The aim of this study was to establish the frequency of refractive errors in children and adolescents aged between 8 and 17 years old, living in the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga (Colombia).
Methods: This study was a secondary analysis of two descriptive cross-sectional studies that applied sociodemographic surveys and assessed visual acuity and refraction. Ametropias were classified as myopic errors, hyperopic errors, and mixed astigmatism. Eyes were considered emmetropic if none of these classifications were made. The data were collated using free software and analyzed with STATA/IC 11.2.
Results: One thousand two hundred twenty-eight individuals were included in this study. Girls showed a higher rate of ametropia than boys. Hyperopic refractive errors were present in 23.1% of the subjects, and myopic errors in 11.2%. Only 0.2% of the eyes had high myopia (≤-6.00 D). Mixed astigmatism and anisometropia were uncommon, and myopia frequency increased with age. There were statistically significant steeper keratometric readings in myopic compared to hyperopic eyes.
Conclusions: The frequency of refractive errors that we found of 36.7% is moderate compared to the global data. The rates and parameters statistically differed by sex and age groups. Our findings are useful for establishing refractive error rate benchmarks in low-middle-income countries and as a baseline for following their variation by sociodemographic factors.

Keywords: Refractive errors; Myopia; Hyperopia; Astigmatism; Anisometropia; Children

Purpose: To assess changes in anatomic structures in the anterior eye segment in terms of axial lengths with accommodation via optical coherence tomography.
Methods: In this observational study, 25 eyes of 25 healthy adults were examined using the Visante^® omni optical coherence tomography system. Central corneal thickness, anterior chamber depth, central lens thickness, and anterior segment length were assessed. The evaluated parameters were obtained with accommodation using different stimulus vergences, namely 0.0, -1.0, -2.0, and -3.0 D. Variation of these parameters was compared among different levels of accommodation.
Results: Central corneal thickness was not altered at any stimulus vergence during accommodation (p>0.05). Conversely, anterior chamber depth was significantly reduced (p<0.05), whereas central lens thickness was significantly increased (p<0.05). Anterior segment length also increased with accommodation (p<0.05), indicating backward movement of the posterior pole.
Conclusions: There are significant variations in anterior segment lengths that occur with accommodation. Studying these changes will provide useful information regarding the accommodation mechanism that can improve our understanding of this process and facilitate clinical decision-making by practitioners.

Keywords: Anterior eye segment; Ocular accommodation; Optical coherence tomograph

Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy of lacrimal film tests and propose an algorithm for the diagnosis of dry eye disease in individuals infected with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1.
Methods: Ninety-six patients infected with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 were enrolled in the study. To assess clinical complaints, patients completed the Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire. To evaluate lacrimal film quality, patients underwent the tear breakup time test, Schirmer I test, and Rose Bengal staining. Dry eye disease was diagnosed when at least two of the three test results were abnormal. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and overall accuracy of the questionnaire as well as of each test alone and combined in parallel and in series were determined.
Results: The most sensitive test was the tear breakup time test (98%), whereas the most specific was the Schirmer I test (100%). Rose Bengal staining had the highest overall accuracy (88.64%), whereas the Ocular Surface Disease Index had the lowest overall accuracy (62.65%). The tear breakup time test, Schirmer I test, and Ocular Surface Disease Index combined in parallel showed increased sensitivity and decreased specificity for all tests. In contrast, when combined in series, these tests demonstrated increased specificity and decreased sensitivity.
Conclusion:This study shows the need to use multiple tests to evaluate tear film quality and include a symptom questionnaire as part of the diagnostic algorithm for dry eye disease.

Keywords: Keratoconjunctivitis sicca; Human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1; Dry eye syndromes/diagnosis

Purpose: To compare the effects of 90° and 180° conjunctival rotational autograft (CRA) techniques used in primary pterygium surgery.
Methods: Forty-five patients were included in this retrospective study. Visual acuity (VA), corneal topography, and auto-refractometer measurements, as well as detailed biomicroscopic examinations, were performed preoperatively and postoperatively. During surgery, the pterygium tissue was excised then rotated 90° in Group 1 and180° in Group 2, after which it was sutured to the bare sclera. Pterygium recurrence was defined as corneal invasion ≥1 mm.
Results: Group 1 consisted of 21 patients with a mean age of 45.1 ± 11.8 years, while Group 2 comprised 24 patients with a mean age of 47.9 ± 13.8 years. The pterygia in Group 1 were graded as more advanced than those in Group 2. A similar number of recurrences were observed in Group 1 (14.3%) and in Group 2 (16.7%). There was no statistically significant difference in terms of the preoperative and postoperative VA and astigmatism values between the two groups. There was a statistically significant improvement in the postoperative VA and astigmatism values in Group 1 and in the postoperative astigmatism values in Group 2. Although postoperative redness was more common in Group 1, no statistically significant difference was found between the groups.
Conclusion:BothCRA techniques can be successful in patients for whom it is desirable to avoid a conjunctival autograft and for patients without high cosmetic expectations.

Keywords: Autografts; Conjunctiva/transplantation; Pterygium/surgery; Transplantation; autologous/methods

Purpose: To evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of automatic segmentation in healthy subjects using a Spectralis optical coherence tomography (OCT) system.
Methods: A total of 60 eyes from 60 patients were included in this prospective study. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography images were generated using the Spectralis OCT system. An automated algorithm was used to segment the macular retina into nine layers and evaluate the thickness of each layer in the foveal, inner, and outer Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) subfield rings. The eyes were imaged three times by an examiner to assess intraobserver repeatability and imaged once by a second examiner to assess interobserver reproducibility. The first scan was used for reference, whereas the second and third scans were collected using the device's follow-up mode. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) of repeatability and reproducibility were analyzed.
Results: The examiners achieved high repeatability and reproducibility for all parameters. Good agreement was found for all parameters in all ETDRS subdivisions with an ICC of >0.96 for all measurements.
Conclusion:It is possible to obtain cross-sections from the same location using the device's follow-up mode, making it virtually impossible to distinguish between repeated measurements taken with the device by different examiners.

Keywords: Retina; Macula lutea; Tomography, optical coherence; Reproducibility of results; Image processing, Computer-assisted

Purpose: To report follow-up data for patients who underwent XEN45 gel stent implantation, a new method of minimally invasive glaucoma surgery.
Methods: Fifteen eyes in fifteen patients who underwent XEN45 gel stent implantation surgery were investigated in the study. All patients were examined preoperatively and at the following postoperative time points: 1 day; 1 and 2 weeks; and 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 months. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured via Goldmann applanation tonometry. Combined surgical procedures (XEN45 + phacoemulsification + intraocular lens) were performed in patients who that had cataracts in addition to glaucoma.
Results: The mean IOP values were significantly lower than the preoperative values at all postoperative visits (p<0.001). In two patients, the IOP exceeded 20 mmHg 12 months after surgery. These IOP increases were controlled by medical therapy, and none of the patients needed another surgical procedure.
Conclusion:XEN45 gel stent implantation is a minimally invasive glaucoma surgery that ensures the effective reduction of IOP. This new treatment modality also avoids the destructive complications encountered in other invasive surgical procedures. However, further studies with greater numbers of patients and longer follow-up periods are needed to clarify certain points.

Keywords: Glaucoma open-angle/surgery; Trabeculectomy; Minimally invasive surgical procedure, stent

Purpose: To compare the linear measurements of the optic disk cup obtained using RTVue optical coherence tomography (OCT) with those obtained using digital retinography.
Methods: This is a cross-sectional study performed with digital retinography and RTVue OCT images from patients with glaucoma or patients suspected of glaucoma. In color retinography, the greatest horizontal and vertical diameters of the optic disk starting from the inner edge of the Elschnig ring were obtained using a pachymeter with a grade of 0.01 mm. In OCT, the delineation of the optic nerve was obtained automatically from the horizontal and vertical cup results.
Results: One hundred eyes from 100 subjects with a mean age of 60.1 ± 15.7 years were included. Of these, 79 were the right eye and 21 the left eye, with 61 men and 39 women. The mean horizontal cup obtained with OCT was 0.91 ± 0.10, while that obtained with retinography was 0.79 ± 0.11 (p<0.01).
Conclusions: There was poor agreement between the evaluated methods in the measurements of optic disk cup excavations. Measurements obtained automatically with OCT RTVue were higher but were significantly correlated with measurements obtained manually with digital retinography. Poor agreement of the optic disk parameters between the two imaging devices was noted.

Keywords: Optic disk; Glaucoma/diagnosis; Optic nerve; Aqueous humor; Tomography; Optical coherence; Diagnostic techniques; Ophthalmological

Herein, we describe the case of a 4-year-old child with indirect traumatic optic neuropathy and serial changes of the optic nerve head and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) documented using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Visual acuity improved despite progressive RNFL thinning and optic disc pallor. We concluded that OCT may be useful for monitoring axonal loss but may not predict the final visual outcome.

Keywords: Optic nerve injuries; Retina; Retinal neurons; Tomography, optical coherence; Humans; Case report

Trocar-assisted intraocular lens (IOL) reposition surgery using a scleral fixation method was performed for a patient with a dislocated sulcus IOL. Two 3-mm-long scleral tunnels 2 mm from and parallel to the limbus were formed using a 23-gauge vitrectomy trocar transconjunctivally entering the sclera at an angle of approximately 10°. Haptics were collected using a 23-gauge serrated retinal forceps entering from the trocar cannula and externalized from the scleral tunnels together with the trocar. The same procedure was applied for the other haptic. Both haptics were pushed into the scleral tunnel and a transconjunctival secure 10-0 nylon suture was placed at the scleral tunnel entry site around the haptic. Sutures were removed 1 week later. No complications occurred intraoperatively or postoperatively. At a 10-month follow-up, IOL was stabilized. IOL reposition surgery using the trocar-assisted IOL scleral fixation method is a viable alternative to intrascleral fixation surgery.

Keywords: Lens, intraocular; Lens implantation, intraocular; Sclera/surgery; Prosthesis failure; Ophthalmologic surgical procedures; Humans; Case reports

Rosacea is a chronic, progressive disease of unknown cause affecting the eye and the facial skin. Ocular rosacea is often underdiagnosed if the ophthalmologist does not inspect the patient's face adequately during the ocular examination. Severe ocular complications and blindness can occur if the treatment is delayed because of non-diagnosis of the rosacea. Here, we present a case of ocular rosacea in a 78-year-old Caucasian woman. Based on the ocular lesions, which preceded cutaneous involvement, she was misdiagnosed as having ocular cicatricial pemphigoid initially. This case emphasizes the difficulty in diagnosis when ocular findings precede those of skin manifestations, and rosacea should be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of chronic cicatrizing conjunctivitis.

Keywords: Rosacea/diagnosis; Rosacea/complications; Rosacea/drug therapy; Diagnosis, differential; Pemphigoid, benign mucous membrane; Eye diseases/diagnosis

We report the case of a patient who received conjunctival tattooing for cosmetic purposes with associated complications. A 28-year-old male experienced severe ocular pain after undergoing conjunctival tattooing. Slit-lamp examination revealed blue deposits over the conjunctiva in association with intense conjunctival edema and a 4+ anterior chamber cellular reaction. The patient underwent clinical treatments to control ocular inflammation. Two months after the injury, the patient was still in follow-up to ensure that any further complications were managed and documented. This unusual case of conjunctival tattooing resulted in conjunctival edema and anterior uveitis. Because of the increasing popularity of eyeball tattooing, the potentially severe complications of this procedure may become more common.

Keywords: Tattooing/adverse effects; Uveitis, anterior/etiology; Conjunctival diseases; Ink; Coloring agents/adverse effects

Information and communication technology has rapidly reached diverse aspects of modern life, including medicine and health-related matters. Aiming to improve teaching, research, and health care delivery for geographic or economic reasons, telemedicine is an ascending trend. Teleophthalmology might be one of the most challenging applications of telemedicine given its need for standardized and high definition digital images. However, technological advances are enhancing information transmission continuously and expanding the potential of teleophthalmology. In this review, we investigate the evolution and current status of teleophthalmology, describe its use in different areas, and explore its applicability. Although teleophthalmology is not a replacement for traditional eye care and still faces challenges for adequate implementation, it represents an effective care delivery method, facilitating appropriate and timely distribution of service especially in remote and/or underdeveloped regions.

Keywords: Telemedicine; Teleconsultation; Remote consultation; Telehealth; Eye health; Ophthalmology